Drugs online research references
Am J Manag Care. 2001 May;7(4 Suppl):S103-12.
A descriptive analysis of the use and cost of new-generation antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a retrospective database analysis.
Lee J, Cummins G, Okamoto L.
OBJECTIVE: This retrospective database analysis was conducted to evaluate the use and cost of new-generation antihistamines (i.e., those that are nonsedating) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in a managed care population. STUDY DESIGN: The study is a retrospective database review of medical and pharmacy-related claims linked by episodes of care. METHODS: Patients who had been diagnosed as having allergic rhinitis and had at least 1 prescription claim were identified from a database containing patient-level medical and pharmacy-related claims. The treatment patterns of patients with allergic rhinitis who met the study criteria were documented for a 12-month period in which the use of nonsedating antihistamines was described and the associated costs of various medications were assessed. Subanalyses of patients categorized by comorbidity status were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 202,426 patients participated in the study. Nonsedating antihistamines were used by 71% of the patients; the most commonly prescribed drugs were loratadine and fexofenadine. The mean annual charges per patient for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in the study population were $465.21 (standard deviation [SD], 548). The greatest departmental cost was that of pharmacy-related charges (mean, $236.02; SD, 233); the next highest cost was that of outpatient charges (mean, $216.31; SD, 396). Comparisons of departmental charges indicated the use of loratadine was associated with significantly higher treatment costs than that of fexofenadine in a number of patient subgroups. CONCLUSION: In this analysis, loratadine was associated with significantly higher treatment charges than was fexofenadine. This result was observed consistently across different stratifications of patients, including the presence of comorbid respiratory infection, concomitant use of nasal steroids, and the presence of asthma and/or sinusitis. These results provided useful insights into the differential costs associated with the use of nonsedating antihistamines in the treatment of rhinitis.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11392821&dopt=Abstract
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Int J Pharm. 2001 Jun 19;221(1-2):159-63.
Distributions of results of cetirizine dihydrochloride assay in bulk material.
Weisman A, Kuselman I.
Chemagis Ltd., P.O. Box 9091, Tel-Aviv 61090, Israel.
The distribution of the cetirizine dihydrochloride assay results in correlation with the pharmacopoeia limits is analyzed. The data for analysis were obtained at Chemagis Ltd., Israel, for 13 batches during a year in two laboratories by five analysts using three different titroprocessors (total 114 results of the determination). The hypothesis on the normal distribution of the data was tested using omega(2)-criterion and accepted at the level of confidence 0.90. A control chart is designed for indication of warning and action limits of the determination results and for diagnoses of outliers in the further titrations. The distribution of the analyte content in different batches and the distributions of the titration results at the pharmacopoeia limits were plotted. The probabilities of the erroneous decisions of Type 1 and Type 2 on the batch quality were calculated from these distributions.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11397577&dopt=Abstract
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J Dermatol. 2001 May;28(5):248-50.
Acute urticaria with elevated circulating interleukin-6 is resistant to anti-histamine treatment.
Fujii K, Konishi K, Kanno Y, Ohgou N.
Department of Dermatology, Kobe City General Hospital, Minatojima-Nakamachi 4-6, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
Histamine released from dermal mast cells plays a central role in the increased vascular permeability in acute urticaria, and administration of anti-histamines usually suppresses development of wheals. Acute idiopathic urticaria, particularly a severe case, occasionally presents with acute inflammatory reactions such as low-grade fever and leukocytosis and is resistant to anti-histamines. Considering the wide spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that can be released from activated mast cells, some of them might be involved in the pathogenesis of urticaria. We measured plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in 16 cases of severe acute urticaria. None of them showed elevated plasma levels of IL-8 or TNF-alpha. Nine out of 16 acute urticaria patients showed elevated circulating IL-6 with concomitant increases in serum CRP levels. All such patients were resistant to conventional anti-histamine treatment and required systemic steroids for complete suppression of wheal development. After subsidence of the urticaria, their elevated IL-6 and CRP levels dropped to their normal ranges. In contrast, all but one patient without elevated circulating IL-6 was successfully treated with a H1 receptor antagonist, cetirizine. The data suggest involvement of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of severe acute urticaria that is resistant to anti-histamines.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11436361&dopt=Abstract
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