Drugs online research references
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1995 Jun-Jul;51(2-3):379-85.
Assessment of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in the rat: lack of interaction with opioids.
Broadbent J, Gaspard TM, Dworkin SI.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
The present study examined the effects of several opioid agonists and antagonists in rats trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever, food-reinforced, discrimination task. Neither fentanyl, a mu agonist, nor the delta agonist BW 373U86 elicited cocaine-appropriate responding. Although pretreatment with fentanyl failed to alter the discriminative stimulus effects of low doses of cocaine, cocaine reversed the rate-suppressant effects of fentanyl. Although the kappa agonist U50,488H decreased response rates, it did not substitute for cocaine. Injection of U50,488H in combination with the training dose of cocaine (10 mg/kg) reversed the rate-suppressant effects of U50,488H but failed to affect the cocaine cue. Administration of U50,488H (3 mg/kg), in conjunction with several doses of cocaine, did not shift the cocaine dose-response curve. Naltrindole and naltrexone, delta and mu antagonists respectively, did not block the effects of cocaine. Further, naltrindole did not substitute for the cocaine cue. Complete generalization was observed to the dopamine uptake inhibitor bupropion (30 mg/kg). These results suggest that fentanyl and U50,488H, at doses that purportedly influence mesolimbic dopamine levels, do not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine. Moreover, activation of delta receptors and blockade of mu and delta receptors are similarly ineffective.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7667357&dopt=Abstract
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J Anal Toxicol. 1995 Mar-Apr;19(2):69-72.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitating bupropion in human plasma or serum.
Jennison TA, Brown P, Crossett J, Urry FM.
Associated Regional and University Pathologists, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
We report a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for quantitating bupropion in serum or plasma for the purpose of therapeutic monitoring. Bupropion and its internal standard, a fluorinated analogue of bupropion, are extracted into hexane-isoamyl alcohol (96:4) after the addition of 400 microL 0.1N KOH. The organic phase is evaporated, reconstituted with 200 microL acetonitrile, and then analyzed on a silica column using a mobile phase consisting of 95% methanol and 5% NH4H2PO4. The ultraviolet detector is set to monitor 248 nm. Within-run and total precision at a therapeutic concentration of 30 ng/mL are 5.2 and 8.5%, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation is 5 ng/mL, and the upper limit of linearity is 400 ng/mL. More than two dozen drugs and metabolites were tested for interference; fluoxetine was the only analyte demonstrating a retention time that would interfere with bupropion quantitation. Chromatographic analysis time per injection is less than 7 min. This procedure combines a single-step extraction with HPLC analysis to provide rapid and reliable analysis of bupropion.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7769789&dopt=Abstract
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J Clin Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;56(6):260-4.
Prescribing trends of antidepressants in bipolar depression.
Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, Baraibar G, Kando JC, Mirin J.
Pharmacoepidemiology Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. 02178, USA.
BACKGROUND: This study utilizing pharmacoepidemiologic methods was undertaken to determine the prescribing patterns of antidepressants particularly in bipolar depression. METHOD: From pharmacy records of the McLean Hospital, the number of patients receiving antidepressants and given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) from June 1, 1987, to May 8, 1993, was determined. We later linked these data bases with patients who were diagnosed with DSM-III-R bipolar depression (296.5) during the same period of time. RESULTS: During the 6-year period, it was determined that 3829 inpatients had received tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 2981 fluoxetine, 2603 trazodone, 809 bupropion, 743 monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 592 stimulants, 588 sertraline, 48 paroxetine, and 894 ECT. There were significant increases over time in prescriptions of MAOIs compared with fluoxetine (chi 2 = 14.36, p = .006), and bupropion compared with TCAs (chi 2 = 6.45, p = .04). There was a trend for bupropion to be prescribed more over time compared with fluoxetine (chi 2 = 5.09, p = .08). There were no significant changes in the prescribing of other antidepressants or in the use of ECT. CONCLUSION: At our center, prescribing of bupropion and MAOIs in bipolar depression has increased significantly. This may be related to the reports in the literature of the low switch rates to mania with the use of these drugs.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7775368&dopt=Abstract
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