Drugs online research references
Health Aff (Millwood). 2000 Mar-Apr;19(2):240-7.
Drug coverage decisions: the role of dollars and values.
Titlow K, Randel L, Clancy CM, Emanuel EJ.
Department of Clinical Bioethics, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Given the increasing costs of pharmaceuticals today, it is important to understand how pharmacy benefits decisions are made and the role of cost and values in these decisions. This study examines what coverage decisions insurers make and the information and processes used in making these decisions. Fifty-three organizations, differing in size, tax status, and region, were asked about their policies for four new and controversial drugs: Viagra, Enbrel, Zyban, and Celebrex. Enbrel and Celebrex were much more likely to be covered than Viagra and Zyban. In addition, coverage of Enbrel and Celebrex was limited through strategies such as prior authorization, to encourage medically appropriate use of these agents, whereas coverage of Viagra and Zyban was limited predominantly through generalized exclusion or through restrictions on quantity or duration of use. Value judgments, rather than cost, seem to play a central, though largely unspoken, role in these coverage decisions.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10718038&dopt=Abstract
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Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1988 Feb;59(2):279-82.
The effect of H2-antagonists on the absorption of bupropion in rats.
al-Khamis KI, Kaka JS, Tanira MO.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Research Centre, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Bupropion absorption was investigated by oral administration of bupropion alone or in combination with cimetidine or ranitidine to rats. Blood samples were collected before and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.5 and 6 h after bupropion administration. The assay of bupropion in plasma was carried out by an HPLC method. Cimetidine or ranitidine did not significantly affect the plasma bupropion concentrations on concurrent administration. No significant differences were observed between area under the curves (AUC)s, maximum plasma concentration, time to peak and the half-life of bupropion among the three groups. These results indicate that neither cimetidine nor ranitidine significantly affects the rate or the extent of bupropion absorption in rats.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2895943&dopt=Abstract
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J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 May;245(2):471-8.
Behavioral effects of histamine H1 antagonists: comparison with other drugs and modification by haloperidol.
Bergman J, Spealman RD.
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
The behavioral effects of several histamine H1 antagonists were compared in groups of squirrel monkeys trained to respond under fixed-interval schedules involving response-produced shock or termination of a stimulus associated with shock. Low to intermediate doses of the conventional H1 antagonists chlorpheniramine (up to 3.0 mg/kg), diphenhydramine (up to 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg), pyrilamine (up to 3.0 mg/kg) and tripelennamine (up to 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) produced dose-related increases in response rate under all conditions in which they were studied; higher doses either increased responding less or decreased it. In contrast, a wide range of doses of the novel H1 antagonists AHR 11325 (1.0-30.0 mg/kg), astemizole (up to 10.0 mg/kg) and loratadine (up to 17.0 mg/kg) usually had little effect on responding, although decreases in response rate accompanied by emesis were observed after the highest doses in some monkeys. Other H1 antagonists including phenindamine (0.03-17.0 mg/kg), promethazine (0.03-5.6 mg/kg) and terfenadine (0.1-10.0 mg/kg) had different effects in individual subjects (i.e., dose-related increases in response rate in some monkeys and either little change or dose-related decreases in responding in other monkeys). The dopamine uptake inhibitors cocaine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) and bupropion (0.1-10.0 mg/kg) had behavioral effects similar to those of chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, pyrilamine and tripelennamine, whereas the muscarinic antagonist atropine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine/5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist cyproheptadine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor desmethylimipramine (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (0.3-30.0 mg/kg) produced only dose-related decreases in response rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2896793&dopt=Abstract
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