Drugs online research references
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Sep;37(1):167-76.
Chronic antidepressant and clonidine treatment effects on conflict behavior in the rat.
Commissaris RL, Ellis DM, Hill TJ, Schefke DM, Becker CA, Fontana DJ.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.
The present studies examined the effects of chronic treatment with several antidepressants and clonidine on conflict behavior. In daily ten-minute sessions, water-deprived rats were trained to drink from a tube which was occasionally electrified (0.25 or 0.5 mA). Electrification was signalled by a tone. Chronic desipramine (5 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or clonidine (40 micrograms/kg, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in time-dependent anticonflict effects, with a latency to onset of approximately 3-4 weeks. In contrast, chronic buproprion (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.), mianserin (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or trazodone (up to 40 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in at best only a weak anticonflict effect. The efficacy of these antidepressants and clonidine to increase punished responding when administered chronically correlates well with their efficacy as antipanic agents in man.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2124712&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990;102(2):183-90.
Self-administration in baboons and the discriminative stimulus effects in rats of bupropion, nomifensine, diclofensine and imipramine.
Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR.
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21225.
The behavioral effects of the antidepressants nomifensine, diclofensine, bupropion, and imipramine were examined using a cocaine substitution drug self-administration procedure in baboons and a cocaine drug discrimination procedure in rats. Intravenous self-administration of the antidepressants was examined in baboons under conditions in which baseline responding was maintained by intravenous injections of cocaine HCl (0.32 mg/kg/injection). Drug was available under a fixed-ratio 80-response or 160-response schedule of intravenous injection. Each drug injection was followed by a 3-h time-out allowing a maximum of eight injections per day. The antidepressants or their vehicles were substituted for cocaine for a period of 15 days, followed by a return to the cocaine baseline. Nomifensine, diclofensine and bupropion all maintained self-administration behavior at levels above those maintained by their respective vehicles. Some doses of nomifensine, diclofensine, and bupropion maintained levels of behavior similar to those maintained under baseline cocaine conditions. High doses of imipramine maintained levels of behavior above those maintained by its vehicle, but the amount of behavior maintained under these conditions was extremely small. In a second experiment rats were trained to discriminate 32 mumol/kg cocaine (IP 10 min presession) from no drug in a two-lever food reinforced drug discrimination procedure in which responding on one lever was reinforced following ten consecutive responses when the session was preceded by cocaine administration, while responding on the other lever was similarly reinforced in the absence of cocaine pretreatment. Cocaine, nomifensine, diclofensine, and bupropion all dose-dependently occasioned cocaine-appropriate responding. Imipramine did not occasion cocaine-appropriate responding over a range of behaviorally active doses.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2125734&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990;26(3):303-9.
Pharmacological responsiveness of winter depression.
Dilsaver SC, Del Medico VJ, Quadri A, Jaeckle S.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston 77225.
Seasonal affective disorders (SADs) are disturbances of mood bearing a fixed relationship to season. Wintertime depression is the most widely accepted form of SAD. Full-spectrum, bright artificial light is the standard treatment for this syndrome. Tranylcypromine was effective in the treatment of 14 patients meeting both the National Institute of Mental Health and DSM-III-R criteria for winter depression. The average patient experienced a 91 percent reduction in depressive symptoms within 3 to 4 weeks of the initiation of this treatment. Desipramine initially appeared to be an effective treatment for winter depression. Eight patients started treatment with desipramine in October or November. One patient was unresponsive, and 8 patients appeared to be responsive but relapsed in the following 2 to 4 months. Twenty-five patients were subsequently treated with bupropion. One patient was unresponsive to bupropion, but the others experienced a substantial reduction in symptoms. Chronobiologic properties that might explain or predict the effectiveness of drugs used to treat winter depression are discussed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2125735&dopt=Abstract
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