Drugs online research references
J Neurosci. 1996 Apr 1;16(7):2365-72.
Chronic antidepressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus.
Nibuya M, Nestler EJ, Duman RS.
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508, USA.
The present study demonstrates that chronic, but not acute, adminstration of several different classes of antidepressants, including serotonin- and norepinephrine-selective reuptake inhibitors, increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) mRNA in rat hippocampus. In contrast, chronic administration of several nonantidepressant psychotropic drugs did not influence expression of CREB mRNA, demonstrating the pharmacological specificity of this effect. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrates that antidepressant administration increases expression of CREB mRNA in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal and dentate gyrus granule cell layers of the hippocampus. In addition, levels of CRE immunoreactivity and of CRE binding activity were increased by chronic antidepressant administration, which indicates that expression and function of CREB protein are increased along with its mRNA. Chronic administration of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors rolipram or papaverine also increased expression of CREB mRNA in hippocampus, demonstrating a role for the cAMP cascade. Moreover, coadministration of rolipram with imipramine resulted in a more rapid induction of CREB than with either treatment alone. Increased expression and function of CREB suggest that specific target genes may be regulated by these treatments. We have found that levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and trkB mRNA are also increased by administration of antidepressants or PDE inhibitors. These findings indicate that upregulation of CREB is a common action of chronic antidepressant treatments that may lead to regulation of specific target genes, such as BDNF and trkB, and to the long-term effects of these treatments on brain function.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8601816&dopt=Abstract
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Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Jun;153(6):820-2.
Serum levels of clozapine and norclozapine in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ, Frankenburg FR, Kando J, Volpicelli SA, Flood JG.
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
OBJECTIVE: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine can increase serum levels of clozapine and norclozapine, but effects of other SSRIs are unknown. Thus, the authors evaluated interactions of clozapine with fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline. METHOD: Serum clozapine and norclozapine concentrations were assayed in 80 psychiatric patients, matched for age and clozapine dose, given clozapine (mean dose = 279 mg/day) alone or with fluoxetine (mean dose = 39.3 mg/day), paroxetine (mean = 31.2 mg/day), or sertraline (mean = 92.5 mg/ day). Each patient's dose of clozapine was stable for at least a month before serum sampling. RESULTS: Concentrations of clozapine plus norclozapine averaged 43% higher, and the risk of levels higher than 1000 ng/ml was 10-fold greater (25%), in the patients taking SSRIs, with minor differences between patients taking the individual SSRIs. CONCLUSIONS: SSRIs can increase circulating concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine, sometimes to potentially toxic levels.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8633698&dopt=Abstract
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Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996 Aug;105(8):607-14.
Treatment of chronic paranasal sinus pain with minimal sinus disease.
Acquadro MA, Montgomery WW.
Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
A common problem for otolaryngologists are patients who present with recurrent, persistent sinus pain that appears out of proportion to the findings on physical examination. Often these patients have a history of recurrent sinusitis that required antibiotics or surgical intervention. Many have had repeated surgical procedures because of this pain. Other common past medical histories may include allergic rhinitis, facial trauma, or dental disease. Patients who have experienced documented acute sinusitis in the past will often present de novo with similar symptoms, but lack any objective evidence of a new active sinus infection. However, the diagnosis of sinusitis is not clearly removed from the patient's or clinician's mind, and the patient is further frustrated by the lack of adequate diagnosis, treatment, and resolution of symptoms. These patients may or may not be experiencing an upper respiratory tract infection or allergy with nasal drainage. Often, they are emotionally distraught from recurrent and persistent pain, the lack of resolution of their symptoms, dependency on narcotics and other analgesics, multiple consultations with a variety of clinicians, and the impingement of their symptoms on employment, interpersonal relationships, and societal and family obligations. If sinusitis is not found to be present, the otolaryngologist must help the patient understand this point, reassure him or her that the otolaryngologist will still be vigilant for the development of sinusitis, and refocus the history and workup for some other cause of the recurrent and persistent paranasal pain. We review various treatment approaches to paranasal pains that are not the result of sinusitis.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8712630&dopt=Abstract
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