Drugs online research references
South Med J. 1994 Mar;87(3):310-21.
Pharmacologic management of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Jackson CW, Morton WA, Lydiard RB.
Department of Hospital Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an intriguing, difficult problem characterized by anxiety-producing intrusive thoughts and performance of anxiety-reducing rituals. Current evidence suggests that OCD may be associated with dysregulation of serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission. Numerous early studies involving the serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor clomipramine led to the formulation of this hypothesis. Positive results with clomipramine initiated further research with other serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and serotonergic agents such as buspirone and trazodone. Findings from a number of clinical trials suggest that drugs that inhibit serotonin reuptake or affect serotonergic transmission in other ways are of clear benefit in the treatment of OCD. These drugs may be more effective for obsessive thoughts than for compulsive rituals. Effective pharmacotherapy can dramatically decrease obsessive-compulsive symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8134850&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Nov;147(2):153-61.
The behavioral effects of sertraline, fluoxetine, and paroxetine differ on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second operant schedule in the rat.
Sokolowski JD, Seiden LS.
Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, 947E. 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
RATIONALE: Recent evidence indicates that specific serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are not a clinically or experimentally homogeneous class of drugs. Because the differential- reinforcement-of-low-rates 72-second (DRL 72-s) operant schedule has been extensively used as a screen for antidepressant effects of drugs, different SSRIs were compared on the task to further examine their behavioral effects. OBJECTIVES: These experiments were designed with two main purposes in mind: first, to determine whether all three SSRIs tested would produce antidepressant-like effects on the DRL 72-s (as measured primarily by an increase in reinforcement rate) and, second, to identify differences between the drugs using peak-deviation analysis of inter-response times (IRTs). METHODS: Different groups of rats were injected with one of three SSRIs: fluoxetine, sertraline, or paroxetine. Following drug administration, rats were tested on the DRL 72-s operant schedule. RESULTS: All three SSRIs produced significant increases in reinforcement rate, but only sertraline and fluoxetine significantly decreased response rate. Additionally, paroxetine was observed to disrupt the pattern of responding as indicated by decreases in peak area (PkA). Sertraline and paroxetine, but not fluoxetine, produced increases in peak location (PkL). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that, although SSRIs are correctly identified as antidepressants by the DRL 72-s operant schedule, they may exert their effects in subtly different ways, as indicated by the differences observed to exist between the drugs. It appears unlikely that the behavioral effects of the SSRIs are attributable solely to 5-HT transporter binding. Instead, the differential behavioral effects may be the result of a combination of factors, including 5-HT transporter binding, 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor activation, and binding to other receptors.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10591882&dopt=Abstract
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Brain Res Bull. 1993;32(5):471-5.
Effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on responses to apomorphine in selectively bred rat strains.
Pucilowski O, Overstreet DH.
Skipper Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine 27599-7175.
The purpose of this study was to verify the dopamine-sensitizing behavioral effect of chronic antidepressant treatment in two selectively bred rat strains: the hypercholinergic Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and control Flinders Resistant Line (FRL). Two antidepressants, desipramine HCl (DMI) and sertraline HCl, were injected IP in separate groups of FSL and FRL rats in a dose of 16.5 mumol/kg twice daily for 16 days. Twenty-four hours after withdrawal, locomotor and hypothermic responses to 0.2 mg/kg of apomorphine, SC, were examined. Attenuation of the effect of apomorphine was observed in the open field: FRLs withdrawn from sertraline were significantly less mobile than control FRLs, and the same trend was found in FSL rats. Chronic DMI resulted in similar changes in the locomotor activity. Sertraline treatment decreased apomorphine-induced hypothermia by almost half in FSLs, whereas slight hyperthermia was induced in FRL rats instead. The present results suggest that in these selectively bred strains, a serotonergic antidepressant such as sertraline may have sensitized dopaminergic autoreceptors and/or desensitized postsynaptic receptors. Apomorphine-induced hypothermia could be mediated by serotonergic neuron function that may have been altered by chronic sertraline but not DMI treatment.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8221139&dopt=Abstract
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