Drugs online research references
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Jun;36(6):1241-3.
In vitro activity of azithromycin compared with that of erythromycin against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
Pajukanta R, Asikainen S, Saarela M, Alaluusua S, Jousimies-Somer H.
Department of Periodontology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
The in vitro susceptibility of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to azithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic of a new class known as azalides, was compared with that of erythromycin by the agar dilution method on Mueller-Hinton Haemophilus test medium. Eighty-two A. actinomycetemcomitans strains, 79 recent clinical isolates obtained from 40 periodontally healthy or diseased subjects, and 3 type strains were included in the study. Erythromycin showed poor in vitro activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans. Azithromycin, however, was highly effective against A. actinomycetemcomitans: all strains were inhibited at 2.0 micrograms/ml. Azithromycin exhibited the best in vitro activity against the serotype a subpopulation of A. actinomycetemcomitans: 100% of the strains were inhibited at 1.0 micrograms/ml. The lowest MICs were, however, recorded by serotype b strains. Since azithromycin has favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including excellent distribution into tissues, it could be expected to pass into gingival crevicular fluid at levels sufficient to inhibit A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo. Therefore, it is a good candidate for future clinical trials in A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1329617&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Jun;36(6):1302-9.
In vitro and in vivo intraleukocytic accumulation of azithromycin (CP-62, 993) and its influence on ex vivo leukocyte chemiluminescence.
Bonnet M, Van der Auwera P.
Service de Medecine, Institut Jules Bordet, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
The accumulation of azithromycin in phagocytic cells was studied both in vitro by using a radiolabelled drug and a bioassay and in vivo for 12 volunteers receiving 1.5 g (total dose) orally within 3 days. In vitro, neutrophils and unfractionated blood leukocytes accumulated azithromycin up to 160-fold the extracellular concentration within 1 h at 37 degrees C but less than 3-fold at 4 degrees C. Dead cells accumulated up to 30-fold azithromycin, whereas NaF-treated cells accumulated up to 60-fold arithromycin. The mean efflux from preloaded cells was at most 31.0% +/- 10.6% (standard error of the mean) of the cell-associated concentration within 4 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in drug-free buffer. In vivo, the azithromycin concentration was 45.2 +/- 6.1 mg/liter of intracellular fluid at 2 h after the third dose and 36.6 +/- 8.3 mg/liter at 1 week thereafter. The corresponding concentrations in serum were 0.2 +/- 0.1 (2 h) and less than 0.05 (1 week). The luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence response induced by phorbol myristate acetate, opsonized zymosan, and two opsonized strains of Haemophilus influenzae (a type b capsulated strain and a noncapsulated strain) was also studied ex vivo by using the blood leukocytes from the 12 test volunteers and 4 control volunteers at 2 and 6 h after the third oral dose of azithromycin and at 2, 4, and 7 days thereafter. Azithromycin did not influence this response despite high levels of cellular accumulation.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1329619&dopt=Abstract
word match zithromax online literature
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Aug;36(8):1611-3.
Activity of azithromycin against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice.
Cynamon MH, Klemens SP.
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, New York.
The comparative activities of azithromycin and clarithromycin and the activities of azithromycin alone and in combination with other antimycobacterial agents were evaluated in the beige mouse model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Azithromycin was similar in activity to clarithromycin. Azithromycin plus clofazimine plus ethambutol reduced the number of splenic organisms more than azithromycin alone, while the combination was less active than azithromycin alone for bacteria in lungs. Rifabutin had activity similar to that of azithromycin for organisms in spleens and lungs. Rifabutin plus azithromycin was more active than either agent alone for organisms in spleens, but the combination's activity was not significantly different from that of rifabutin for organisms in lungs. The activity of azithromycin against several M. avium complex isolates was evaluated. The reduction of viable cell counts in spleens ranged from 1.7 to 0.8 log units. For the three isolates studied, there was little correlation between the in vitro MIC and the in vivo activity.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1329622&dopt=Abstract
word match zithromax online literature
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