Drugs online research references
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Jul;36(7):1573-4.
In vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, L-ofloxacin, and other antibiotics against Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Hammerschlag MR, Qumei KK, Roblin PM.
Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, State University of New York, Brooklyn 11203.
The in vitro susceptibilities of 11 strains of Chlamydia pneumoniae to azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, L-oflaxacin, and doxycycline were determined. Clarithromycin was the most active agent tested, with an MIC for 90% of strains and minimal chlamydiacidal concentration for 90% of strains of 0.03 microns/ml. The activity of azithromycin was similar to those of erythromycin and doxycycline, with MICs for 90% of strains of 0.125 to 0.25 microns/ml. However, the prolonged half-life and enhanced tissue penetration of azithromycin should allow for less frequent dosing and shorter duration of therapy than with erythromycin or clarithromycin. L-Ofloxacin had activity similar to that of ofloxacin, with MICs of 0.125 to 0.5 micron/ml. From the results of this in vitro study, azithromycin and clarithromycin appear to be effective antibiotics that may have a role in the treatment of infections due to C. pneumoniae.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1324650&dopt=Abstract
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Chemotherapy. 1992;38(3):185-90.
Influence of azithromycin and other macrolides on the intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes of healthy donors and a patient with Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
Paulsen P, Simon C, Peters O, Hedderich J, Heim P.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Kiel, FRG.
A mixture of human blood phagocytes from healthy donors and opsonized staphylococci was incubated in vitro for 30 min. After that time all the bacteria were phagocytosed. The test tubes were further incubated for 2, 4 and 24 h with or without addition of a macrolide (erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin) and the effect of these drugs on the survival of intracellular staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) was measured. The minimal effective concentration of the antibiotic which killed 80-90% of the bacteria after a 4-hour incubation was 0.1 mg/l for erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin and 1.2 mg/l for roxithromycin. The percentage of surviving bacteria after 2 and 4 h incubation was not significantly different between these macrolides at the minimal effective concentration. Increasing the concentration of each antibiotic above the minimal effective concentration did not alter the killing rate of intracellular staphylococci. The bacterial activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) from a patient with Chediak-Higashi syndrome was less in comparison to PMNL from healthy donors, but was improved in vitro by the addition of erythromycin or azithromycin.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1324831&dopt=Abstract
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Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Jul;18(7):522-4.
Influence of increased macrolide consumption on macrolide resistance of common respiratory pathogens.
Cizman M, Pokorn M, Seme K, Paragi M, Orazem A.
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
The impact of increased macrolide consumption on the resistance of common respiratory pathogens to erythromycin and azithromycin was evaluated. The study focused mainly on azithromycin. During the period from 1991 to 1996, a 3.5-fold increase in macrolide prescriptions for outpatients was observed in Slovenia. Compared to 1994, when no macrolide resistance was evident in Streptococcus pyogenes and noninvasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, a significant increase in macrolide resistance was observed in these two pathogens in 1997. Moraxella catarrhalis remained uniformly susceptible to macrolides. Close monitoring of macrolide resistance of common respiratory pathogens is thus necessary.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10482034&dopt=Abstract
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