Drugs online research references
J Infect Dis. 2003 May 15;187(10):1669-73. Epub 2003 Apr 30.
Does the diagnosis of trachoma adequately identify ocular chlamydial infection in trachoma-endemic areas?
Bird M, Dawson CR, Schachter JS, Miao Y, Shama A, Osman A, Bassem A, Lietman TM.
F I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
We evaluated the validity of clinically determined active trachoma as a surrogate for chlamydial eye infection in 1059 children from the Egyptian arm of the Azithromycin in the Control of Trachoma study. Participants were determined to be "clinically active" if they had >or=5 follicles or intense inflammatory infiltration on the tarsal conjunctiva. Conjunctival swabs were tested using ligase chain reaction (LCR) to detect chlamydial DNA. Of clinically active children aged 1-10 years, 31% did not have infection, as determined by LCR. Conversely, 31% of infected children were not clinically active; 78% of clinically active children aged 1-5 years were infected, versus 17% of those aged 11-15 years. The proportion of clinically active children who were infected decreased from 67% before treatment to 10% 14 months after mass azithromycin treatment. Clinically active trachoma is not always a reliable marker of infection, particularly in teenagers and after treatment.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12721948&dopt=Abstract
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Jpn J Antibiot. 2003 Feb;56(1):27-35.
[Alteration of antibacterial activity of tosufloxacin and various antibacterial agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae]
[Article in Japanese]
Maekawa M, Fukuda Y, Sugiura Y, Kamiyama T, Futakuchi N, Takahata M, Mitsuyama J.
Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-1, Shimookui, 2-chome, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan.
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of tosufloxacin (TFLX), levofloxacin (LVFX), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), gatifloxacin (GFLX), sparfloxacin (SPFX), azithromycin (AZM), cefteram (CFTM), cefdinir (CFDN) and cefpodoxime (CPDX) against 337 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Japanese hospital from 1997 to 2002 were investigated by agar plate method. The incidence of penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PSSP), penicillin-intermediate resistant S. pneumoniae (PISP), and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) in each year was studied, and the MICs of antibacterial agents against these strains were determined. As the results, the total incidence of PSSP, PISP, and PRSP was 51.0%, 40.4% and 8.6%, respectively. The incidences of PSSP from 1997 to 2002 were 46.0-55.9%, and were almost definite in each year. In quinolone antibiotics, the differences of antibacterial activity among TFLX, SPFX, and GFLX against PSSP, PISP, and PRSP, were not observed, and these 3 quinolones had potent antibacterial activity. Although CPFX and LVFX showed antibacterial activity as well as other quinolones by 2001, the CPFX-resistant or LVFX-intermediate resistant strains of PSSP were seen with 56.5% and 91.3% in 2002, respectively. Thirty percents of each PSSP, PISP, and PRSP strains were AZM-resistant strains. Such tendency of increase was recognized in PSSP. Against cephem antibiotics, the incidence of intermediate resistant and resistant strains was higher for PISP and PRSP than for PSSP. No difference in the incidence of resistant strains was noted among CFTM, CFDN, and CPDX.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12723396&dopt=Abstract
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Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 May;21(5):414-9.
Mutations causing in vitro resistance to azithromycin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Johnson SR, Sandul AL, Parekh M, Wang SA, Knapp JS, Trees DL.
Gonorrhea Research Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research, NCID, Mailstop C-13, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
In 1999, a cluster of gonococcal isolates exhibiting high Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs), to azithromycin (2.0-4.0 mg/l) were identified in Kansas City, MO. Isolates were characterized by auxotype/serovar class, lipoprotein (Lip) subtyping and sequencing of the mtrR gene, which has been implicated in decreased azithromycin susceptibility in the gonococcus. Isolates were Pro/IB-3 and contained the 17c Lip subtype. Molecular characterization of the mtrR gene revealed a 153 base pair insertion sequence located between the mtrR/mtrC promoter and the mtrC gene. Some isolates also contained a frame shift within the mtrR gene. Transformation of these mutations into an azithromycin-sensitive recipient strain resulted in transformants with MICs as high as 2.0 mg/l and inactivation of the mtrD gene reduced azithromycin MICs 270-fold. These results demonstrated that the mtr mutations were responsible for the increased MICs in these isolates.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12727073&dopt=Abstract
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