Drugs online research references
J Med Microbiol. 1995 May;42(5):362-6.
Post-antibiotic effect of azithromycin and erythromycin on streptococcal susceptibility to phagocytosis.
Ramadan MA, Tawfik AF, Shibl AM, Gemmell CG.
Division of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
The effect of azithromycin and erythromycin on growth, cell surface hydrophobicity and the susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) was examined in four Streptococcus species. Exposure to either 10 x MIC azithromycin or erythromycin induced a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of between 2.4 and 4.3 h. Erythromycin caused a longer PAE for S. sanguis than azithromycin under the same conditions. The cell surface charge (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) of the streptococci was altered significantly during PAE; loss of hydrophobicity was induced by both macrolides, and this effect was variable amongst the species. The decrease in hydrophobicity was not related to inhibition of growth. The effect of each drug during PAE on the interaction of opsonised suspensions of the streptococci with human PMNL revealed that erythromycin, and to a lesser extent azithromycin, increased susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of human PMNL; this effect was abolished following PAE. The present study clearly showed that PAE should not only be considered as delayed bacterial growth, but also as modulation of bacterial susceptibility to phagocytosis which may influence the outcome of the host-parasite relationship.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7752216&dopt=Abstract
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J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1995 Feb;18(1):38-46.
Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability and tissue distribution of azithromycin in cats.
Hunter RP, Lynch MJ, Ericson JF, Millas WJ, Fletcher AM, Ryan NI, Olson JA.
Department of Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
Azithromycin is the first of a class of antibiotics classified as azalides. In an initial experiment four cats were given a single dose of azithromycin 5 mg/kg orally (p.o.), followed 2 weeks later by a single intravenous bolus (i.v.) dose of 5 mg/kg. Subsequently, six cats were given [14C]azithromycin p.o. in a single dose of 5.4 mg/kg for the study of tissue distribution and metabolism. In both experiments, serial blood samples were collected and the plasma assayed for unchanged azithromycin to determine various pharmacokinetic parameters. After p.o. administration, bioavailability was 58% and absorption rapid with a tmax of 0.85 +/- 0.72 h and a Cmax of 0.97 +/- 0.65 microgram/mL. The harmonic mean terminal t1/2 after i.v. administration was 35 h. Tissue half-lives varied from 13 h in fat to 72 h in cardiac muscle. Three metabolites were identified in bile. Unchanged azithromycin accounted for 100% of the total radioactivity in lung and skin tissues when assayed. In comparison with other species, the bioavailability in cats is higher than in humans but lower than in dogs. As in the dog, > 50% of the azithromycin-related material in feline bile was unchanged azithromycin.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7752305&dopt=Abstract
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AIDS. 1995 Mar;9(3):261-6.
Impact of clarithromycin and azithromycin on patterns of treatment and survival among AIDS patients with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex.
Ives DV, Davis RB, Currier JS.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the introduction of clarithromycin and azithromycin on the treatment and survival of patients with AIDS and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (DMAC). DESIGN: Retrospective review over a 3.5-year interval. SETTING: Tertiary-care, university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Charts of all patients with cultures of blood or bone-marrow positive for acid-fast bacilli (n = 103) were reviewed. Data on laboratory results at the time of DMAC diagnosis, antimycobacterial therapy, antiretroviral therapy, and survival was collected. RESULTS: Prior to the availability of clarithromycin and azithromycin 61.5% of patients received antimycobacterial treatment compared with 92% afterwards (P = 0.0014). Median survival of treated patients was 255 versus 145 days for untreated patients (P < 0.001). Median survival of macrolide-treated patients was 284 versus 168 days for patients receiving treatment without a macrolide (P = 0.09). Univariate predictors of survival were antimycobacterial treatment, use of antiretrovirals, and year of diagnosis. In a multivariate model, no antimycobacterial treatment (hazard ratio, 3.83; P = 0.003) was associated with shorter survival, and treatment without a macrolide (hazard ratio, 2.29; P = 0.075) showed a trend towards shorter survival versus treatment with macrolide-containing regimens. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of clarithromycin and azithromycin has been associated with an increase in the proportion of patients with DMAC receiving treatment and with increased survival of these patients.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7755914&dopt=Abstract
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