Drugs online research references
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Aug;43(8):1862-5.
Effect of carbon dioxide on testing of susceptibilities of respiratory tract pathogens to macrolide and azalide antimicrobial agents.
Johnson MM, Hill SL, Piddock LJ.
Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
The in vitro activities of erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin against 178 clinical isolates from the lower respiratory tract of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were determined by an agar dilution method. The plates were incubated in air alone or in 5% carbon dioxide. The MICs measured in air alone were lower for most isolates than those measured in 5% carbon dioxide, illustrating the "pH effect" of incubation in carbon dioxide. Testing of isolates in 5% carbon dioxide on pH-adjusted medium (pH 8.4) resulted in MICs of one or two doubling dilutions lower than those obtained on agar with a neutral pH. A bioassay of the three agents incubated in air and in 5% carbon dioxide resulted in a significant loss of activity of all three agents in the carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere. However, this loss-of-activity effect was significantly reduced when the bioassay medium was adjusted to pH 8.4 prior to incubation in 5% carbon dioxide.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10428903&dopt=Abstract
word match zithromax online literature
Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2003 Feb;10(1):31-6.
Pattern of antibiotic use in a trachoma-endemic region of Nepal: implications for mass azithromycin distribution.
Schiedler V, Bhatta RC, Miao Y, Bird M, Jha H, Chaudary JS, Fry AM, Lietman TM.
F.I. Proctor Foundation and the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, 94143-0944, USA.
PURPOSE: To investigate antibiotic utilization in a rural district of western Nepal that is currently receiving azithromycin as part of a trachoma program and is being monitored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for drug resistance. METHODS: Antibiotic purchase receipts were collected for 3 months from all medicine halls, pharmacies, and government sub-health posts in a sub-district of Western Nepal. Supplementary surveys of antibiotic sales were performed in different seasons. RESULTS: Macrolides account for 3.9% of total antibiotic use, far less than quinolones, penicillins, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. CONCLUSIONS: If trachoma programs in Western Nepal generate transient macrolide resistance in pneumococcus and other bacteria, the epidemiological impact may not be great, as macrolides are not commonly used in the area.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12607157&dopt=Abstract
word match zithromax online literature
Jpn J Antibiot. 2002 Dec;55(6):771-7.
[Comparative in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against Helicobacter pylori]
[Article in Japanese]
Sugita K, Katouno Y, Uchida H, Kobayashi Y.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University Hospital.
Comparative in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against Helicobacter pylori were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations against 41 strains of H. pylori were determined by using E test. All 41 strains were isolated from gastric mucosa of patients suspected to have gastric ulcer. The ranges of MIC of amoxicillin was from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to 0.064 microgram/ml. The ranges of MIC of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin were from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to 64 micrograms/ml, from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to more than 256 micrograms/ml, from 0.064 to more than 256 micrograms/ml, respectively. The ranges of MIC of ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin were from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to 32 micrograms/ml, from 0.002 microgram/ml and less to more than 32 micrograms/ml, from 0.002 microgram/ml and less to more than 32 micrograms/ml, from 0.064 to more than 32 micrograms/ml, respectively.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12621731&dopt=Abstract
word match zithromax online literature
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