Drugs online research references
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2001 Sep;47(6):987-95.
Antibiotic resistant N. gonorrhoeae in Trinidad and Tobago.
Castor D, Prabhakar P, Furlonge C, Rao A, Brown A, Camara B, Weiss H, Jolly PE.
Department of Epidemiology and International Health, School of Public Health and Medical Statistics Section, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0022, USA.
We tested the susceptibility patterns of 128 N. gonorrhoeae isolates to six antimicrobials; penicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, and examined whether certain demographic or behavioral factors related to antibiotic use increased the likelihood of infection by a resistant strain. There was a low rate of resistance to penicillin; penicillinase-producing and chromosomal-mediated penicillin resistant gonorrhea were estimated to be 0.8%. A much higher proportion of isolates were resistant to tetracycline (up to 15%). All isolates were sensitive to spectinomycin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. However, less than 2% of isolates displayed intermediate resistance to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, and 9% exhibited intermediate resistance to spectinomycin. Patients who had obtained medication before attending the clinic and had taken all of the medication were more likely (p = 0.03) to be infected with a resistant strain of gonococcus. Also, patients who were asked by a clinic doctor to return for a test of cure during an earlier clinic visit, but who did not return were more likely to be infected with a resistant organism (p = 0.006) compared to those who returned at the doctor's request. These findings have important implications for antibiotic use and educational programs in Trinidad and Tobago.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11785665&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Feb;46(2):409-12.
Effect of prolonged treatment with azithromycin, clarithromycin, or levofloxacin on Chlamydia pneumoniae in a continuous-infection Model.
Kutlin A, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR.
Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York 11203-2098, USA.
Persistent infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae have been implicated in the development of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and asthma. Although azithromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin are frequently used for the treatment of respiratory C. pneumoniae infections, little is known about the dose and duration of therapy needed to treat a putative chronic C. pneumoniae infection. In this study, we investigated the effect of prolonged treatment with azithromycin, clarithromycin, or levofloxacin on the viability of C. pneumoniae and cytokine production in an in vitro model of continuous infection. We found that a 30-day treatment with azithromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin at concentrations comparable to those achieved in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid reduced but did not eliminate C. pneumoniae in continuously infected HEp-2 cells. All three antibiotics decreased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in HEp-2 cells, but this effect appeared to be secondary to the antichlamydial activity, as the cytokine levels correlated with the concentrations of microorganisms. The levels of IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma interferon were too low to assess the effect of antibiotics. These data suggest that the dosage and duration of antibiotic therapy currently being used may not be sufficient to eradicate a putative chronic C. pneumoniae infection.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11796350&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Feb;46(2):546-9.
Susceptibility to telithromycin in 1,011 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from 10 central and Eastern European countries.
Nagai K, Appelbaum PC, Davies TA, Kelly LM, Hoellman DB, Andrasevic AT, Drukalska L, Hryniewicz W, Jacobs MR, Kolman J, Miciuleviciene J, Pana M, Setchanova L, Thege MK, Hupkova H, Trupl J, Urbaskova P.
Department of Pathology, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
Among 1,011 recently isolated Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from 10 Central and Eastern European centers, the MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(50)s) and the MIC(90)s were as follows: for telithromycin, 0.03 and 0.06 microg/ml, respectively; for erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin, 0.06 to 0.125 and 1 to 8 microg/ml, respectively; and for clindamycin, 0.125 and 0.125 microg/ml, respectively. Erythromycin resistance occurred in 12.3% of strains. Erm(A) [subclass erm(TR)] was most commonly encountered (60.5%), followed by mef(A) (23.4%) and erm(B) (14.5%). At <0.5 microg/ml, telithromycin was active against 98.5% of the strains tested.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11796375&dopt=Abstract
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