Drugs online research references
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jan;39(1):221-6.
Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin on respiratory tract pathogens.
Odenholt-Tornqvist I, Lowdin E, Cars O.
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
Pharmacodynamic parameters have become increasingly important for the determination of the optimal dosing schedules of antibiotics. In this study, the postantibiotic effects (PAEs), the postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA SMEs), and the sub-MIC effects (SMEs) of roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin on reference strains of Streptococcus pyogenes group A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae were investigated. The PAE was induced by 2x MICs (S. pneumoniae) or 10x MICs of the different drugs for 2 h, and the antibiotics were eliminated by washing and dilution. The PA SMEs were studied by addition of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3x MICs during the postantibiotic phase of the bacteria, and the SMEs were studied by exposition of the bacteria to the drugs at the sub-MICs only. Growth curves were followed by viable counts for 24 h. The SMEs were generally very short. A PAE of 2.9 to 8 h was noted for all antibiotics against all strains. Clarithromycin induced a statistically significantly shorter PAE on S. pneumoniae than did roxithromycin and azithromycin and did so also against H. influenzae in comparison with azithromycin. The PA SMEs were long and varied at 0.3x MIC between 6.4 19.6 h. This pronounced suppression of regrowth of bacteria which are first treated with a suprainhibitory concentration of antibiotics and then reexposed to sub-MIC levels indicates that long dosing intervals for macrolides and azalides can be allowed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7695310&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jan;39(1):45-9.
Effects of two antibiotic regimens on course and persistence of experimental Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR pneumonitis.
Malinverni R, Kuo CC, Campbell LA, Lee A, Grayston JT.
Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
We studied the effects of two antibiotic regimens on the course of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in the lungs of Swiss Webster mice. After intranasal challenge with isolates AR-388 (1.3 x 10(7) inclusion-forming units per mouse) and AR-39 (1.5 x 10(6) inclusion-forming units per mouse), groups of animals were treated with either doxycycline (10 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 3 days), azithromycin (10 mg/kg [single dose]), or saline. Responses were assessed by the isolation of organisms in cell culture, detection of TWAR DNA in lung tissues by PCR, and lung histology. Both regimens were effective in clearing infections induced by AR-388 (P = 0.02 and 0.007 for doxycycline and azithromycin, respectively) compared with controls. TWAR DNA was detected in 77 and 25% of culture-negative lungs 2 weeks after treatment of AR-388 and AR-39 infections, respectively. Histological changes showed interstitial pneumonitis and were similar over time for all groups. Single-dose azithromycin produced drug levels in lung tissues above the MICs for the test strains for a period three times longer than that of single-dose doxycycline. We concluded that short-term antibiotic regimens were successful for the treatment of experimental TWAR pneumonitis in mice. TWAR DNA was frequently recovered from lung tissues after apparently successful treatment.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7695327&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiot Khimioter. 1994 Sep-Oct;39(9-10):3-5.
[Interactions in the system of copper ion-azalide (azithromycin)]
[Article in Russian]
Sher AA, Ianovskaia IM, Malofeeva LS.
Interactions in the bio-inorganic systems of the copper ions and azalide (azithromycin) were analyzed by spectroscopic methods (atom-absorption spectroscopy, IR and UV spectrometry in the visible spectrum) and electrochemical methods (potentiometry). The system samples within molar ratios of the metal ion and ligand of 10:1 to 1:10 and wide pH ranges were tested. Formation of a compound consisting of the metal ion and ligand at a ratio of 1:1 was detected. The experimental data showed that the product of the compound solubility equaled 9.8.10(-14) (pH 7.0, 0.1 KNO3).
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7695446&dopt=Abstract
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