Drugs online research references
Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Nov 1;33(9):1489-94. Epub 2001 Oct 04.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility of such isolates in children with otitis media.
Joloba ML, Windau A, Bajaksouzian S, Appelbaum PC, Hausdorff WP, Jacobs MR.
Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
The ability of the recently licensed 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to cover isolates that cause otitis media, especially drug-resistant ones, was assessed using 500 recently obtained US isolates. Of these isolates, 418 (84%) belonged to vaccine-related serogroups, whereas 82 (16%) belonged to non-vaccine-related serogroups. Serotype 3 accounted for 48 (59%) of the non-vaccine-related serogroups. In addition, 93% of the isolates from patients < or =3 years of age belonged to serotypes that were included in or related to the heptavalent vaccine, compared with 49% of the isolates from older patients (P=.001). Most of the isolates (98%-100%) that were resistant to the antimicrobial agents tested were covered by the heptavalent vaccine, including 95.1% of the isolates from patients <2 years of age. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine could therefore potentially provide protection against all but 1 (type 3) of the common otitis media-associated pneumococcal serogroups identified in this study as well as against 98% of antibiotic-resistant isolates.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11588694&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Nov;45(11):3001-8.
Effects of azithromycin and rifampin on Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro.
Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Zeidler H, Kohler L.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
An in vitro cell culture model was used to investigate the long-term effects of azithromycin, rifampin, and the combination of azithromycin and rifampin on Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Although standard in vitro susceptibility testing indicated efficient inhibition by azithromycin, prolonged treatment did not reveal a clear elimination of chlamydia from host cells. Chlamydia were temporarily arrested in a persistent state, characterized by culture-negative, but viable, metabolically active chlamydia, as demonstrated by the presence of short-lived rRNA transcripts. Additionally, azithromycin induced generation of aberrant inclusions and an altered steady-state level of chlamydial antigens, with the predominance of Hsp60 protein compared to the level of the major outer membrane protein. Treatment with azithromycin finally resulted in suppression of rRNA synthesis. Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide and processed, functional rRNA were detectable throughout the entire incubation period. These in vitro data show a good correlation to those from some recent clinical investigations that have reported on the persistence of chlamydia, despite appropriate antibiotic treatment with azithromycin. Rifampin was highly active by in vitro susceptibility testing, but prolonged exposure to rifampin alone for up to 20 days resulted in the emergence of resistance. No development of resistance to rifampin was observed when chlamydia-infected cells were incubated with a combination of azithromycin and rifampin. This combination was shown to be more efficient than azithromycin alone, in that suppression of rRNA synthesis occurred earlier. Thus, such a combination may prove more useful than azithromycin alone.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11600348&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Nov;45(11):3242-5.
Activities of a new fluoroketolide, HMR 3787, and its (des)-fluor derivative RU 64399 compared to those of telithromycin, erythromycin A, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin against macrolide-susceptible or -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes.
Nagai K, Davies TA, Ednie LM, Bryskier A, Palavecino E, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.
Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
Activities of HMR 3787 and RU 64399 were compared to those of three macrolides, telithromycin, and clindamycin against 175 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and 121 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates. HMR3787 and telithromycin were the most active compounds tested against pneumococci. Telithromycin and RU 64399 were equally active against macrolide-susceptible (MICs, 0.008 to 0.06 microg/ml) and -resistant S. pyogenes isolates, but HMR 3787 had lower MICs for ermB strains.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11600391&dopt=Abstract
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