Drugs online research references
J Infect Chemother. 2001 Mar;7(1):51-4.
Postantibiotic suppression effect of macrolides on the expression of flagellin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis.
Kawamura-Sato K, Iinuma Y, Hasegawa T, Yamashino T, Ohta M.
Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
The phenomenon of postantibiotic effect (PAE) encompasses not only the effects of bacterial growth inhibition but also the suppression of virulence factors. We tentatively designated the latter effect the postantibiotic suppression effect (PASE). The flagella of Gram-negative bacteria are involved in the development of biofilms. We measured the PASE of erythromycin (ERY) and azithromycin (AZM) on the expression of flagellin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Flagellin preparations were subjected to sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis and the flagellin band was identified by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. We thus evaluated the flagellin by the intensity of the band. The mean durations of the PAE of ERY and AZM on bacterial growth were 0.9 and 2.0 h for P. mirabilis, and 0.6 and 2.7 h for P. aeruginosa, respectively. The PASE of these drugs on flagellin expression was also observed. The apparent PASEs of ERY and AZM on flagellin were up to 5 h for P. mirabilis and up to 6 h for P. aeruginosa after a single 0.5 x minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) treatment for 5 h. Our results suggest that certain combinations of antibiotics may have prolonged suppressive effects on the expression of virulence factors in certain Gram-negative bacteria.
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itsa.ucsf.edu
The World Health Organization has recommended repeat mass drug administration as part of their global initiative to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020. The efficacy of repeat treatment will be tested empirically, but the results will not be available for many years, and recommendations for the necessary frequency of treatment are needed immediately. We have developed a mathematical model that uses available epidemiological data from a variety of countries. We recommend, based on our analysis, that in areas where trachoma is moderately prevalent (<35% in children), it should be treated annually, but hyperendemic areas (>50% in children), it should be treated biannually.
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word match zithromax online literature
mail.med.upenn.edu
The activity of gemifloxacin against intracellular Legionella pneumophila and for the treatment of guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia was studied. Gemifloxacin, azithromycin, and levofloxacin (1 microg/ml) reduced bacterial counts of two L. pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages by 2 to 3 log(10) units. Gemifloxacin and levofloxacin had roughly equivalent intracellular activities. In contrast, erythromycin had static activity only. Therapy studies of gemifloxacin, azithromycin, and levofloxacin were performed in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia. When gemifloxacin (10 mg/kg) was given by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route to infected guinea pigs, mean peak levels in plasma were 1.3 microg/ml at 0.5 h and 1.2 microg/ml at 1 h postinjection. The terminal half-life phase of elimination from plasma was 1.3 h, and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC(0--24)) was 2.1 microg. h/ml. For the same drug dose, mean levels in lungs were 3.4 microg/g at both 0.5 and 1 h, with a half-life of 1.5 h and an AUC(0--24) of 6.0 microg. h/ml. All 15 L. pneumophila-infected guinea pigs treated with gemifloxacin (10 mg/kg/dose given i.p. once daily) for 2 days survived for 9 days after antimicrobial therapy, as did 13 of 14 guinea pigs treated with the same dose of gemifloxacin given for 5 days. All 12 azithromycin-treated animals (15 mg/kg/dose given i.p. once daily for 2 days) survived, as did 11 of 12 animals treated with levofloxacin (10 mg/kg/dose given i.p. once daily for 5 days). None of 12 animals treated with saline survived. Gemifloxacin is effective against L. pneumophila in infected macrophages and in a guinea pig model of Legionnaires' disease, even with an abbreviated course of therapy. These data support studies of the clinical effectiveness of gemifloxacin for the treatment of Legionnaires' disease.
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