Drugs online research references
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 Apr;14(4):353-5.
Effect of an acidic environment on the susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to trospectomycin and other antimicrobial agents.
Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Namavar F, MacLaren DM.
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
The susceptibility of 30 clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori to trospectomycin, ampicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, azithromycin and clindamycin under varying pH conditions was evaluated. An acidic environment was shown to affect unfavourably the activity of all the antimicrobial agents tested. This pH effect was most marked for the two macrolides and for clindamycin.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7649202&dopt=Abstract
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J Infect Dis. 1995 Sep;172(3):810-6.
Activities of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and ofloxacin in combination with liposomal or unencapsulated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor against intramacrophage Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare.
Onyeji CO, Nightingale CH, Tessier PR, Nicolau DP, Bow LM.
Department of Pharmacy Research, Office of Research Administration, Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 06102, USA.
The effects of ofloxacin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) against Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare (MAI) were evaluated in an in vitro human macrophage infection model. Treatment of MAI-infected macrophages with GM-CSF alone induced a maximal killing effect at 1000 U/mL, and the potency was increased 100-fold by encapsulating the cytokine within liposomes. Antibiotics were applied at concentrations close to their clinically achievable serum trough and peak levels. Addition of GM-CSF to azithromycin and therapeutic trough concentrations of ofloxacin and clarithromycin was associated with significant (P < .01) augmentation of antimycobacterial activity compared with the effects of the agents alone. However, the enhancement effect by GM-CSF was not seen with therapeutic peak concentrations of ofloxacin and clarithromycin. Thus, GM-CSF may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of MAI infections with azithromycin, clarithromycin, and ofloxacin.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7658075&dopt=Abstract
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Mutat Res. 1993 Jul;300(2):79-90.
Preclinical toxicology studies with azithromycin: genetic toxicology evaluation.
Amacher DE, Ellis JH Jr, Joyce AJ, Muehlbauer PA, Turner GN, Wahrenburg MG, Holden HE, Ray VA.
Central Research Division, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340.
Azithromycin was subjected to a series of three in vitro and one in vivo genetic toxicology assays for the detection of drug-associated gene or chromosomal effects. In the Ames Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100, the presence of azithromycin was not associated with any increase in the number of his- revertants. Urine from mice dosed with up to 200 mg/kg of azithromycin also had no effect on the number of revertants in these same strains suggesting the absence of mutagenic excretory products following oral exposure. When tested up to the cytotoxic level of 240 micrograms/ml, azithromycin caused no increase in the mutant frequency at the thymidine kinase locus of L5178Y/TK cells. Both the mammalian and microbial gene mutation assays included the presence of rat-liver postmitochondrial (S9) fraction for the detection of mutagenic biotransformation products. Mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes cultured in the presence of 2.5-7.5 micrograms/ml azithromycin for 24 h or 30.0-40.0 micrograms/ml azithromycin for 3 h in the presence of rat S9 had chromosomal aberration frequencies that were no different than negative control cells even though slight to moderate mitotic suppression was associated with these concentrations. In vivo assessment of this compound was completed in male and female mice with a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg followed by sacrifice at 6, 24 or 48 h later and metaphase analysis of bone marrow for chromosomal aberrations. No statistically significant elevations of chromosomally aberrant cells were found. We conclude that azithromycin does not cause gene mutations in microbial or mammalian cells, or chromosomal aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes or in mouse bone marrow in vivo.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7685497&dopt=Abstract
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