Drugs online research references
Vet Res Commun. 2000 Apr;24(3):169-77.
Evaluation of the efficacy of atovaquone alone or in combination with azithromycin against acute murine toxoplasmosis.
Moshkani SK, Dalimi A.
Parasitology Department, Medical Science Faculty, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, IR, Iran.
Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10,000 tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH) strain and, 24 h later, were treated orally for 10 days with atovaquone and azithromycin, either alone or in combination. Evaluation of the efficacy of the drugs was performed by microscopic examination of smears prepared from the organs of the mice, and by subinoculation of visceral and brain suspensions from surviving mice into healthy mice at the end of the experiments. It was found that 58%, 83% and 100% of the mice survived after administration of 75, 150 or 200 mg/kg per day of azithromycin, respectively. Moreover, 8%, 17% and 25% of the mice survived after treatment with atovaquone at 20, 50 or 100 mg/kg per day, respectively. No synergistic or additive effects of combinations of atovaquone and azithromycin were observed. However, azithromycin did not eradicate the parasite from the brain and viscera of the infected mice, whereas atovaquone at 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg per day removed the parasite from viscera and at 100 mg/kg per day eradicated the parasite from the brain of infected mice. The combinations of atovaquone and azithromycin failed to completely eradicate the parasite from the brain and viscera of infected mice.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10836275&dopt=Abstract
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ncsu.edu
Dogs were experimentally inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii (canine origin) in order to compare the efficacies of azithromycin and trovafloxacin to that of the current antibiotic standard, doxycycline, for the treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clinicopathologic parameters, isolation of rickettsiae in tissue culture, and PCR amplification of rickettsial DNA were used to evaluate the response to therapy or duration of illness (untreated infection control group) in the four groups. Concentrations of the three antibiotics in plasma and blood cells were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Doxycycline and trovafloxacin treatments resulted in more-rapid defervescence, whereas all three antibiotics caused rapid improvement in attitudinal scores, blood platelet numbers, and the albumin/total-protein ratio. Based upon detection of retinal vascular lesions by fluorescein angiography, trovafloxacin and doxycycline substantially decreased rickettsia-induced vascular injury to the eye, whereas the number of ocular lesions in the azithromycin group did not differ from that in the infection control group. As assessed by tissue culture isolation, doxycycline resulted in the earliest apparent clearance of viable circulating rickettsiae; however, rickettsial DNA could still be detected in the blood of some dogs from all four groups on day 21 postinfection, despite our inability to isolate viable rickettsiae at that point. As administered in this study, trovafloxacin was as efficacious as doxycycline but azithromycin proved less efficacious, possibly due to the short duration of administration.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10103185&dopt=Abstract
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BJOG. 2000 Jun;107(6):770-5.
The transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin.
Heikkinen T, Laine K, Neuvonen PJ, Ekblad U.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turku, Finland.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin. METHODS: Twenty-one term placentas were obtained with maternal consent immediately after delivery and a two-hour nonrecirculating perfusion of a single placental cotyledon was performed. Erythromycin (2 microg/mL), roxithromycin (2 microg/mL) and azithromycin (0.3 microg/mL) were infused to the maternal inflow at a constant rate, with antipyrine as a reference compound, and their appearance in the fetal circulation was followed. Drug concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography for 120 min. RESULTS: The mean transplacental transfers (TPT(SS)) for erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin were 3.0%, 4.3% and 2.6%, respectively, calculated as the ratio between the steady state concentrations in fetal venous and maternal arterial sides. Similar results were obtained when the TPT was calculated as the absolute amount of drug transferred across the placenta during 2-hour perfusion (TPT(A)). No significant differences were found among the three macrolides in TPT(SS) (P = 0.39) or TPT(A) (P = 0.35). The TPT(SS) of erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin were 41%, 35% and 32% of the freely diffusable reference compound antipyrine, respectively. Steady state was reached in 60 minutes in each perfusion indicating sufficient perfusion time. CONCLUSION: The limited transplacental transfer of erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin suggests compromised efficacy in the treatment of fetal infections. On the other hand, the placenta seems to produce an effective barrier reducing the fetal exposure when these three macrolides are used to treat maternal infections.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10847234&dopt=Abstract
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