Marked suppression of gastric ulcerogenesis and intestinal responses to stress by a novel class of drugs. Bupropion and sertraline enhance retrieval of recent and remote long-term memory in rats. Participation of African Americans in a smoking cessation trial: a quantitative and qualitative study. Rx drugs

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Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(5):474-83, 433.
Marked suppression of gastric ulcerogenesis and intestinal responses to stress by a novel class of drugs.

Gabry KE, Chrousos GP, Rice KC, Mostafa RM, Sternberg E, Negrao AB, Webster EL, McCann SM, Gold PW.

Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-11284, USA.

When exposed to prolonged stress, rats develop gastric ulceration, enhanced colon motility with depletion of its mucin content and signs of physiological and behavioral arousal. In this model, we tested whether antidepressants (fluoxetine and bupropion), anxiolytics (diazepam and buspirone) or the novel nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) type-1 receptor (CRH-R1) antagonist, antalarmin, modify these responses. Fluoxetine, bupropion, diazepam and antalarmin all suppressed stress-induced gastric ulceration in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to four hours of plain immobilization. Antalarmin produced the most pronounced anti-ulcer effect and additionally suppressed the stress-induced colonic hypermotility, mucin depletion, autonomic hyperarousal and struggling behavior. Intraperitoneal CRH administration reproduced the intestinal but not the gastric responses to stress while vagotomy antagonized the stress-induced gastric ulceration but not the intestinal responses. We conclude that brain CRH-R1 and vagal pathways are essential for gastric ulceration to occur in response to stress and that peripheral CRH-R1 mediates colonic hypermotility and mucin depletion in this model. Nonpeptide CRH-R1 antagonists may therefore be prophylactic against stress ulcer in the critically ill and therapeutic for other pathogenetically related gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcer disease and irritable bowel syndrome.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12082565&dopt=Abstract

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Behav Pharmacol. 2002 May;13(3):215-20.
Bupropion and sertraline enhance retrieval of recent and remote long-term memory in rats.

Barros DM, Izquierdo LA, Medina JH, Izquierdo I.

Departamento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Fundacao Universidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.

Wistar rats were trained in step-down inhibitory avoidance at the age of 3 months, and tested for retrieval either 1 day later or 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 19 months later, when the animals were 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 or 22 months old, respectively. Bupropion (20 or 60 mg/kg) and sertraline (3.3 or 10 mg/kg) given orally 6 or 3 h before retention testing, respectively, enhanced retrieval of this task at all training-test intervals, despite the fact that retrieval at the longest intervals was practically not seen in control animals. The effect cannot be explained by influences of the drugs on locomotor activity; the treatments had no effect on open field behaviour at the age of 3, 8 or 21 months. The findings may be relevant to the use of these drugs as cognitive enhancers in elderly subjects. Copyright 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12122311&dopt=Abstract

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J Natl Med Assoc. 2002 Jul;94(7):609-18.
Participation of African Americans in a smoking cessation trial: a quantitative and qualitative study.

Woods MN, Harris KJ, Mayo MS, Catley D, Scheibmeir M, Ahluwalia JS.

Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City 66160-7313, USA.

African Americans (AAs) have been considered a hard to reach research population. In a clinical trial of bupropion for smoking cessation, failure to return for randomization was concerning during the initial phase of recruitment. There were three study goals: to review the research on clinical trial participation barriers, to use quantitative analyses to identify differences between randomized (n = 66) and non-randomized (n = 54) participants, and to use focus groups and interviews (2 groups and 2 interviews, 17 participants) to elicit participation barriers and suggestions for participation enhancement. Randomized participants were older (44.1 vs. 37.6; p = 0.0019), predominately female (81.8% vs. 63.0%; p = 0.0201), more likely to have some college (33.3% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.0380), and less likely to be employed full time (32.4% vs. 53.7%; p = 0.0347). Randomized participants reported higher motivation to quit smoking (8.3 vs. 7.3; p = 0.0083) and higher confidence to quit (8.2 vs. 7.3; p = 0.0357). A logistic regression model specified age, gender, and motivation to quit, as predictors of randomization. Focus groups identified transportation, lack of readiness to quit, inadequate reminders, and employment conflicts as barriers to participation. Knowledge of differences between those who return for enrollment and those who do not may be used to increase AA enrollment in clinical trials.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12126287&dopt=Abstract

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