Drugs online research references
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Sep;37(1):167-76.
Chronic antidepressant and clonidine treatment effects on conflict behavior in the rat.
Commissaris RL, Ellis DM, Hill TJ, Schefke DM, Becker CA, Fontana DJ.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.
The present studies examined the effects of chronic treatment with several antidepressants and clonidine on conflict behavior. In daily ten-minute sessions, water-deprived rats were trained to drink from a tube which was occasionally electrified (0.25 or 0.5 mA). Electrification was signalled by a tone. Chronic desipramine (5 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or clonidine (40 micrograms/kg, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in time-dependent anticonflict effects, with a latency to onset of approximately 3-4 weeks. In contrast, chronic buproprion (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.), mianserin (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or trazodone (up to 40 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in at best only a weak anticonflict effect. The efficacy of these antidepressants and clonidine to increase punished responding when administered chronically correlates well with their efficacy as antipanic agents in man.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2124712&dopt=Abstract
word match wellbutrin online literature
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1982 May;16(5):791-4.
Differential effects of d-amphetamine, pipradrol and bupropion on shuttlebox self-stimulation.
Liebman JM, Gerhardt S, Prowse J.
The shuttlebox self-stimulation test is claimed by Atrens to differentiate drug effects on brain stimulation reward from those on performance variables. Thus, for example, drug-induced enhancement of the reward value of stimulation should be reflected in a selective reduction of the latency to initiate stimulation (the ON latency), as compared with the latency to terminate stimulation (the OFF latency). The effects of the psychostimulant drugs, d-amphetamine and pipradrol, and the antidepressant, bupropion, were evaluated in this procedure as well as in a bar-pressing test of self-stimulation. Pipradrol (3 and 10 mg/kg) and bupropion (54 mg/kg) reduced ON latencies by 40% or more but failed to shorten OFF latencies, indicating that performance variables were not involved in the ON latency decrements. Although d-amphetamine (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) shortened ON latencies, the 1.0 mg/kg dose also reduced OFF latencies. Drug doses that reduced ON latencies also increased bar-pressing self-stimulation. The shuttlebox self-stimulation test appears to be capable of discriminating drug-induced enhancement in brain stimulation reward from performance variables.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6124009&dopt=Abstract
word match wellbutrin online literature
J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 4:80-91.
Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life.
Zisook S, Downs NS.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0603, USA.
Major depression and dysthymia are common and often disabling disorders in late life. Several features of late-life depression, such as its frequent association with general medical conditions, polypharmacy, cognitive disturbances, and adverse life events, make accurate diagnosis a substantial clinical challenge. Yet, prompt diagnosis is an important component of implementing appropriate treatment strategies. An ideal treatment program integrates patient and family education, focused psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. Because of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes associated with aging, lower doses of medication and more gradual dose increases than are required in younger adults are needed in the treatment of elderly depressed patients. In addition, medications should be selected that have minimal antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and antiadrenergic effects, minimal cardiovascular risk, and minimal drug-drug interactions. Since depression in late life tends to be at least as chronic and/or recurrent as depression earlier in life, treatment for acute depressive episodes should last at least 6-8 months, and long-term maintenance treatment should be considered in selected individuals.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9554325&dopt=Abstract
word match wellbutrin online literature
Herbs and Pharmaceuticals Online ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||