Drugs online research references
J Clin Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;56(6):260-4.
Prescribing trends of antidepressants in bipolar depression.
Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, Baraibar G, Kando JC, Mirin J.
Pharmacoepidemiology Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. 02178, USA.
BACKGROUND: This study utilizing pharmacoepidemiologic methods was undertaken to determine the prescribing patterns of antidepressants particularly in bipolar depression. METHOD: From pharmacy records of the McLean Hospital, the number of patients receiving antidepressants and given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) from June 1, 1987, to May 8, 1993, was determined. We later linked these data bases with patients who were diagnosed with DSM-III-R bipolar depression (296.5) during the same period of time. RESULTS: During the 6-year period, it was determined that 3829 inpatients had received tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 2981 fluoxetine, 2603 trazodone, 809 bupropion, 743 monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 592 stimulants, 588 sertraline, 48 paroxetine, and 894 ECT. There were significant increases over time in prescriptions of MAOIs compared with fluoxetine (chi 2 = 14.36, p = .006), and bupropion compared with TCAs (chi 2 = 6.45, p = .04). There was a trend for bupropion to be prescribed more over time compared with fluoxetine (chi 2 = 5.09, p = .08). There were no significant changes in the prescribing of other antidepressants or in the use of ECT. CONCLUSION: At our center, prescribing of bupropion and MAOIs in bipolar depression has increased significantly. This may be related to the reports in the literature of the low switch rates to mania with the use of these drugs.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7775368&dopt=Abstract
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Health Aff (Millwood). 2000 Mar-Apr;19(2):240-7.
Drug coverage decisions: the role of dollars and values.
Titlow K, Randel L, Clancy CM, Emanuel EJ.
Department of Clinical Bioethics, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Given the increasing costs of pharmaceuticals today, it is important to understand how pharmacy benefits decisions are made and the role of cost and values in these decisions. This study examines what coverage decisions insurers make and the information and processes used in making these decisions. Fifty-three organizations, differing in size, tax status, and region, were asked about their policies for four new and controversial drugs: Viagra, Enbrel, Zyban, and Celebrex. Enbrel and Celebrex were much more likely to be covered than Viagra and Zyban. In addition, coverage of Enbrel and Celebrex was limited through strategies such as prior authorization, to encourage medically appropriate use of these agents, whereas coverage of Viagra and Zyban was limited predominantly through generalized exclusion or through restrictions on quantity or duration of use. Value judgments, rather than cost, seem to play a central, though largely unspoken, role in these coverage decisions.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10718038&dopt=Abstract
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sask.usask.ca
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of amitriptyline, bupropion, doxepin or venlafaxine on the gene expression of the neuroprotective enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in a catecholamine cell in vitro model. DESIGN: Molecular study of a cultured cell line. INTERVENTIONS: Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were incubated in 1 and 10 mumol/L of various antidepressant medications for 24 or 48 hours. OUTCOME MEASURES: Northern blot analysis. RESULTS: Amitriptyline up-regulated SOD1 messenger RNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The greatest up-regulation was following incubation with 10 mumol/L amitriptyline for 48 hours. The addition of bupropion, doxepin or venlafaxine to PC12 cell cultures also up-regulated SOD1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that some antidepressants have the ability to positively regulate neuroprotective genes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10721683&dopt=Abstract
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