Drugs online research references
Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2001 Mar;6(1):21-6.
Knowledge of emergency contraception among pharmacists and doctors in Durban, South Africa.
Hariparsad N.
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Durban-Westville, South Africa.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of knowledge of emergency contraception among private-sector pharmacists and doctors. METHOD: This hand-delivered, confidential questionnaire survey was undertaken in North and South Central Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. The main outcome measures were frequency of demand for emergency contraception and knowledge of its dosing schedule, side-effects and contraindications. RESULTS: Ninety-six per cent of pharmacists and 93% of doctors had received requests for emergency contraceptive pills within the past year. Thirty-two per cent of pharmacists and 28% of doctors prescribed the Yuzpe regimen correctly. Only 23 (27%) doctors and 25 (22%) pharmacists were able to identify three common side-effects associated with emergency contraceptive pills. Forty-six per cent of pharmacists and 49% of doctors correctly indicated that there are no absolute contraindications to emergency contraceptive pills other than a contraindication to contraceptive pills. Fifty-four per cent of pharmacists and 35% of doctors agreed that the multiple use of emergency contraceptive pills is risky. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to improve the knowledge of health-care workers regarding emergency contraception, which forms an important back-up method when existing contraception fails or is not used.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11334472&dopt=Abstract
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Zentralbl Gynakol. 1990;112(8):489-96.
[The action of Sequostat in comparison to Sequence Ovosiston on selected metabolic parameters]
[Article in German]
Etzrodt R, Klinger G, Carol W.
Frauenklinik, Bezirkskrankenhauses Gera, DDR.
The effects of two sequential oral contraceptive preparations, Sequostat (6 days ethinylestradiol 0.05 mg, 15 days ethinylestradiol 0.05 mg + norethisterone acetate 1.0 mg) and Sequence-Ovosiston (9 days mestranol 0.1 mg, 12 days mestranol 0.08 mg + chlormadinone acetate 2.0 mg) on triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-Cholesterol, glucose tolerance, total plasma proteins, plasma protein fractions, plasma transaminases, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, alkaline phosphatase and antithrombin III were studied in two groups of 46 and 29 young women respectively. Investigations were performed prior to the hormonal intake and after treatment for 3, 6 and 12 months. In nearly all parameters studied significant but minimal changes could be demonstrated which in most cases showed a minor degree in the Sequostat-group, while Sequence-Ovosiston exerted a less effect on glucose tolerance. A significant increase of HDL-cholesterol and a reduction of LDL/HDL-cholesterol relation could be demonstrated at least in the first six months, resulting from the estrogen dominance of the contraceptives.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1694614&dopt=Abstract
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Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 1990;29(1):60-3.
[Oral contraceptive agents and antithrombin III]
[Article in Bulgarian]
Kamenov V, Nalbanski B.
Antithrombin III is one of the most important inhibitors of serine proteases of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It inhibits the activity of thrombin and factor X. Its congenital or acquired reduction leads to an increased risk of thrombosis. In their study the authors aimed to investigate the influence of oral contraceptive preparations--Gravistat and Nonovolan on the activity of antithrombin III. Thirty five women, receiving these drugs for a period of one month to ten years (on the average two and a half years were examined. All women received the drugs in accordance with the physician prescription, taking into consideration the lack of history data on increased frequency of thrombosis. Part of the examined group (the first ten on the table of the results) were smokers with mean usage of 15 cigarettes per day. The study was carried out on 25 women at the three stages of the hormonal cycle, but singly on the remaining 10 women in its beginning. Blood sample for examination was taken with anticoagulant (citrate) in the morning before breakfast and the activity of the inhibitor was determined by kinetic colorimetric method and chromatogenic Chromasin TN (a modification of Kamenov). The results were presented in percentages. The mean activity of antithrombin III was: means = 107.5%, which did not differ from the reference values. The activities at the three phases of the menstrual cycle did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05). The results, obtained from the study, proved that hormonal contraceptive drugs did not reduce the activity of antithrombin III.
PIP: Antithrombin III is one of the most important inhibitors of serine proteases of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It inhibits the activity of thrombin and factor X. Its congenital or acquired reduction leads to an increased risk of thrombosis. The influence of the oral contraceptives Gravistat and Nonovlon was investigated on the activity of antithrombin III. 35 women 20-38 years old (average age 29.5 years) who had been taking the drugs for 2 to 10 years with an average duration of 2.5 years were examined. The instructions of the physician were complied with; and none of them had a family history of increased frequency of thrombosis. The first 10 patients had smoked an average of 10-15 cigarettes a day for at least a year. The 3 stages of the hormonal cycle were studied for 25 women (days 7, 14, and 21) as opposed to a single analysis for the remaining 10 women. A blood sample was taken with an anticoagulant (citrate) preprandially in the morning, and the activity of the inhibitor was carried out by the determination of citrate in the plasma by means of the kinetic calorimetric method and the hormonal substrate via the chromotogenic Chromasin TN method (as modified by Kamenov). The results showed that the average activity of antithrombin III was x = 107.5%, which did not differ from the reference value (x = 109.8 +or- 13.4%, p 0.05). The activities of the three phases of the menstrual cycle did not differ significantly, either (x = 101.3 for phase II and x = 104.5 for phase III, p 0.05). These results prove that these hormonal contraceptives did not reduce the activity of antithrombin III.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1695492&dopt=Abstract
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