Drugs online research references
Contraception. 1981 Oct;24(4):377-92.
A multicenter study of levonorgestrel-estradiol contraceptive vaginal rings. III-Menstrual patterns. An international comparative trial.
Sivin I, Mishell DR Jr, Victor A, Diaz S, Alvarez-Sanchez F, Nielsen NC, Akinla O, Pyorala T, Coutinho E, Faundes A, Roy S, Brenner PF, Ahren T, Pavez M, Brache V, Giwa-Osagie OF, Fasan MO, Zausner-Guelman B, Darze E, Gama daSilva JC, Diaz J, Jackanicz TM, Stern J, Nash HA.
Menstrual events among users of contraceptive vaginal rings (CVRs), releasing levonorgestrel and estradiol, were studied in comparison with a combined oral contraceptive, Nordette, in multicentered trials. CVRs were made with outside diameters of 50 and 58 mm and released about 250 micrograms and 290 microgram of levonorgestrel and 150 microgram and 180 microgram of estradiol per day, respectively. The CVRs were used continuously for 3 weeks and then removed for 1 week. Both the CVRs and Nordette were perceived to reduce menstrual flow and days of menstrual bleeding. Twenty to 25% of CVR users perceived increased intermenstrual bleeding or spotting. Diaries indicate, however, that on average, CVR users experienced about 1 day per month of bleeding or spotting with the ring in place. CVRs and Nordette produced approximately the same total number of bleeding and spotting days during 6 cycles of use, 27-29, but the small (50-mm OD) ring was associated with somewhat more spotting. This ring was also associated with somewhat more prolonged bleeding and spotting runs and with more prolonged nonbleeding intervals than reported by users of the larger (58-mm OD) ring or of Nordette. Differences among regimens, however, tended to be small even when statistically significant. Evidence from menstrual diaries indicates that these CVRs, and in particular 58-mm ring, provide control over the menstrual cycle comparable to the Nordette.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6797783&dopt=Abstract
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Akush Ginekol (Mosk). 1982 Oct;(10):40-1.
[Sensitivity of the pituitary gland to LH-FSH releasing hormone in women after discontinuation of ovidon, an estrogen-progesterone contraceptive agent]
[Article in Russian]
Nikanorova SA, Kononova ES, Chembartseva AN.
PIP: Serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone patterns in response to intravenous administration of 100 mcg luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) during the follicular phase of the cycle were examined in 8 women upon the discontinuation of a combined contraceptive, Ovidon, and in 11 untreated women. The duration of treatment was 9-12 months. Pituitary response to LH-RH was found to be diminished significantly in the treated patients. (author's)
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6817648&dopt=Abstract
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J Reprod Med. 1983 Mar;28(3):195-200.
Comparative trials of low-dose combined oral contraceptives.
Edelman DA, Kothenbeutel R, Levinski MJ, Kelly SE.
PIP: 2 studies were conducted to assess the rate of side effects among women using combined oral contraceptives (OCs). In the 1st study, women were randomly assigned to Norinyl, Norlestrin, or Ovral for 3 cycles and then switched to 1 of the other 2 OCs or stayed on the same OC. For all 3 OCs, the rates of most side effects declined significantly with the increasing duration of OC use. Cycle control appeared best for women using Ovral. There were some adverse effects due to switching from 1 OC to another. Generally, women who switched to Ovral experienced a decrease in the rate of breakthrough bleeding and those who switched from Ovral experienced an increase in the rate of breakthrough bleeding. Discontinuation rates were similar for users of all 3 OCs. In the 2nd study, women who had used Norinyl or Ovral for at least 3 cycles were randomly assigned to either Brevicon or Lo-Ovral for 6 cycles. The most noticeable effect was a large increase in the proportions of women with breakthrough bleeding; this rate remained above the preswitchover rate even after 6 cycles of either drug. In the initial cycle after crossover, there was an increase in the rate of some side effects. By the completion of the 6th cycle, the rates of side effects were generally lower than those before crossover, with the exception of breakthrough bleeding. Discontinuation rates were similar for users of Brevicon and Lo-Ovral. The results of the study indicate that although women on low-dose OCs report lower rates of certain side effects, breakthrough bleeding occurs more frequently and might adversely affect continuation rates. author's modified
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6854550&dopt=Abstract
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