Drugs online research references
Clin Ther. 1996 Sep-Oct;18(5):993-1004.
A cost density analysis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Lanes SF, Sulsky S, Walker AM, Isen J, Grier CE 3rd, Lewis BE, Dreyer NA.
Epidemiology Resources Inc., Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts, USA.
We assessed the frequency and cost of care for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) among approximately 165,000 subscribers to Fallon Community Health Plan (FCHP), a group model health maintenance organization located in central Massachusetts. We computed rates of episodes of medical services for BPH using automated utilization files, and we estimated costs using Medicare reimbursement schedules and medication average wholesale prices. We identified 3919 men who visited a physician for BPH from January 1, 1991, until December 31, 1994, during which time they contributed 8336 person-years to the analysis. This population comprises approximately 12% of men at least 40 years old at FCHP. From 1991 to 1994, 696 (18%) men received terazosin, 219 (6%) men underwent a prostatectomy, and 41 (1%) men received finasteride. Men averaged 1.66 office visits per year to a physician for BPH. Most office visits (61%) were to a primary care physician, with 39% of the visits to a urologist. Among patients who received terazosin, the frequency of office visits increased slightly after receiving terazosin, from 2.14 to 2.62 visits per year. Among surgery patients, the frequency of visits declined after prostatectomy, from 6.31 visits per year to 1.67 visits. The individual annual cost rate for BPH care ranged from $25.00 to $25,352.00, with an average of $364.00 per person and a median cost of $126.00. The major components of the overall costs were hospital admissions (35%), terazosin dispensings (29%), and physician office visits (19%), with outpatient hospital care and ambulatory procedures accounting for the remaining 17%. Among men receiving terazosin, the average cost was $1190.00 per person-year, and among patients undergoing prostatectomy, the cost was $2630.00 per person-year. The prostatectomy rate declined by nearly 80% during the study period, while the dispensing rate for terazosin doubled, resulting in an overall decline in the total cost of care for BPH from 1991 to 1994.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8930437&dopt=Abstract
J Pharm Sci. 2000 Apr;89(4):536-44.
Transdermal drug delivery using electroporation. II. Factors influencing skin reversibility in electroporative delivery of terazosin hydrochloride in hairless rats.
Sharma A, Kara M, Smith FR, Krishnan TR.
School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada A1B 3V6.
A previous study indicated that the parameters governing the performance of electroporative delivery to the skin, are voltage, pulse length, number of pulses and electrode area.1 This article describes a study in which the reversibility of the electroporation technique is evaluated with in vitro methods. The skin's reversal from an enhanced permeation mode as a result of electroporation to the base level was used as an index to understand the mechanism of drug delivery and also as a preliminary indicator of safety. Maximum delivery of the model drug, terazosin hydrochloride, occurred during the pulsing. Electroporative delivery with a wire electrode (small-area electrode, 0.56 cm(2)) using 20 pulses at U(skin,0) 88 V, and pulse length 20 ms, did not cause any damage to the skin. Increasing the pulse length to 60 ms, while keeping the rest of the parameters fixed, caused a visible change in the external appearance of the skin. However, with the use of a spiral electrode (large-area electrode, 2.74 cm(2)) at 60-ms pulse length, there was minimal damage to the skin. This may be attributed to the more uniform flow of current over the whole skin area. The large-area electrode required a smaller electrode voltage, U(electrode,0) for any given U(skin,0) and also delivered nearly double the instantaneous power density compared with the small-area electrode. These findings indicate that using shorter pulses and large-area electrodes is a safer technique than large pulses and small-area electrodes when electroporation is used to enhance skin's permeability for drug delivery. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10737915&dopt=Abstract
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;28(5):712-22.
Characterization of the sympathetic nerve responses to amphetamine: role of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
Liu W, Varner KJ.
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112, USA.
Although amphetamine has profound cardiovascular actions, the role of the sympathetic nervous system in these responses is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the sympathetic nerve responses to amphetamine and to determine whether these neural responses involve an action of amphetamine in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). In sinoaortically denervated (SAD) and sham-SAD rats, amphetamine dose-dependently increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), while decreasing (-87 +/- 5%, max) renal sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) for 57 +/- 5 min. Comparison of the SND responses in SAD and sham-SAD rats revealed a small but significant contribution of the baroreceptor reflex to the sympathoinhibitory response. In separate studies, the bilateral microinjection of amphetamine into RVLM decreased HR, MAP, and SND. The magnitude and duration of the decrease in SND elicited by amphetamine were significantly attenuated by the prior intravenous (i.v.) administration of idazoxan (alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist). The prior bilateral microinjection of idazoxan or piperoxan into RVLM significantly attenuated the duration of the sympathoinhibitory responses elicited by i.v. amphetamine. Idazoxan and piperoxan also tended to decrease the magnitude of the SND response; however, this reduction was significant at only the highest doses. The MAP and HR responses were unaffected by idazoxan treatment. The microinjection of terazosin (alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist) or propranolol (beta-adrenergic antagonist) into RVLM did not alter the HR, MAP, or SND responses to i.v. amphetamine. We conclude that i.v. amphetamine decreases SND in anesthetized rats, in large part, by a mechanism involving the activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in RVLM.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8945686&dopt=Abstract
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