Drugs online research references
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987 Jun;27(2):307-15.
Studies on desglycinamide arginine vasopressin and scopolamine in a modified/lever-touch autoshaping model of learning/memory in rats.
Mundy WR, Iwamoto ET.
Vasopressin administration has been reported to improve acquisition and retard extinction of both conditioned avoidance and food-reinforced behavioral tasks. In the present experiment the effects of a vasopressin analog (DGAVP) and scopolamine (SCOP) were tested in an autoshaped lever-touch model of learning and memory. Rats were food-deprived to 80% of original body weights and tested in modular cages which contained a retractable lever that was presented on a random interval 48 sec schedule. The lever retracted after 15 sec or when it was touched, at which time one 45 mg food pellet was delivered. Subcutaneous injection of 10 micrograms/kg DGAVP 1 hr prior to acquisition and extinction sessions did not alter responding compared to saline controls. DGAVP at doses of 10, 20, and 30 micrograms/kg also failed to affect responding in a more difficult task which included an 8 sec delay between lever retraction and reinforcement. Homozygous Brattleboro rats, which are deficient in vasopressin, did not differ from normal heterozygous littermates in the acquisition of the lever-touch response. Intraperitoneal injection of SCOP (0.1-0.8 mg/kg) 30 min prior to testing caused a dose-related impairment of acquisition compared to saline controls, but did not alter responding in animals which had previously acquired the lever-touch response. These data suggest that manipulations of vasopressin do not affect, while SCOP impairs, the acquisition of a positively reinforced lever-touch response in rats.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3628445&dopt=Abstract
Neurobiol Aging. 1987 Jul-Aug;8(4):297-307.
Vitamin E deprivation in rats: some behavioral and histochemical observations.
Sarter M, van der Linde A.
Rats deprived of vitamin E from age of 4 weeks were tested in four independent behavioral experiments and compared with a group fed a control diet. During a 14-minute session in a hole-board, no differences in the level and the course of habituation of parameters of activity and exploration were found. A second group of animals was trained in an automatically controlled six-arm radial tunnel maze. Although no differences were found in various activity measurements, the deprived animals showed a slightly impaired spatial concept formation during 8 acquisition sessions. Testing their relearning ability of the same maze 18 days later, the vitamin E deprived animals showed a significant impairment. In a third experiment, animals were trained 16 days in the same maze configuration and at day 17 they were exposed to the mirror image of the radial maze. Both groups mastered this reversal with an increased level of activity but without differences in patrolling efficiency. In a fourth behavioral experiment, the effects of scopolamine on deprived animals were examined. Compared to the controls, the vitamin E deprived animals were relatively insensitive to the effects of scopolamine. Autofluorescent neuronal lipofuscin accumulation was found especially in the hippocampus (CA3) of vitamin E deprived animals. Based on these results, the usefulness of vitamin E deprivation as an animal model for accelerated normal aging is discussed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3627347&dopt=Abstract
Behav Neural Biol. 1983 May;38(1):82-96.
Area postrema lesions in rats enhance the magnitude of body rotation-induced conditioned taste aversions.
Ossenkopp KP.
The role of the area postrema, a circumventricular organ located on the dorsal medulla in the fourth ventricle, in body rotation-induced conditioned taste aversions was examined in male hooded rats. One group of rats received lesions of the area postrema, another group was given sham lesions, and two other groups received no surgery. Three groups of rats, those with area postrema lesions, those with sham lesions, and one unoperated group, were given pairings of 1-hr access to a 0.1% sodium saccharin solution with 30 min of body rotation at 70 rpm (on a schedule of 15-sec on--5-sec off). A fourth group of unoperated rats was given pairings of access to the saccharin solution with 30 min of sham rotation. The three rotated groups all developed a taste aversion to the saccharin solution whereas the sham-rotated group did not. The group with lesions of the area postrema exhibited a greater aversion to the saccharin taste than the other two rotated groups. In a second phase of the experiment all rats were given pairing of 1-hr access to chocolate milk with injections of scopolamine methyl nitrate (1 mg/kg). The area postrema-lesioned group failed to exhibit a taste aversion to the chocolate milk whereas the other groups all showed very strong aversions. It was concluded that area postrema lesions abolish taste aversions induced by blood-borne toxins such as scopolamine methyl nitrate, but enhance taste aversions induced by motion sickness. Some speculations concerning the enhanced taste aversions induced by motion sickness in area postrema lesioned rats, are provided.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6626102&dopt=Abstract
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