Drugs online research references
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Apr;273(1):273-9.
Identification of the primary muscarinic autoreceptor subtype in rat striatum as m2 through a correlation of in vivo microdialysis and in vitro receptor binding data.
Billard W, Binch H 3rd, Crosby G, McQuade RD.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.
Muscarinic autoreceptors located on cholinergic nerve terminals are involved in the inhibitory feedback regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) release. Establishing the subtype identity of such sites provides a more complete understanding of both normal receptor function and the functional significance of receptor changes associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, a novel approach was used to identify the muscarinic autoreceptor in rat striatum. It involved the correlation of data from two different sources--in vivo microdialysis and in vitro receptor binding. Four standard muscarinic antagonists with varying binding profiles (scopolamine, pirenzepine, AF-DX116 and himbacine) were infused directly through a microdialysis probe into the striatum of conscious, freely moving rats. The objectives were to find the minimal concentration of each antagonist capable of manifesting a functional autoreceptor response (i.e., increased ACh release) and to compare the relative ability of the antagonists to bring about this effect with their relative abilities to bind to each of the cloned muscarinic receptor subtypes. The conclusion is that the muscarinic receptor mediating ACh release in rat striatum exhibits a pharmacological profile clearly consistent with it being of the m2 subtype.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7714776&dopt=Abstract
Peptides. 1988 May-Jun;9(3):575-81.
Learning and memory processes of an ACTH4-9 analog (ebiratide; Hoe 427) in mice and rats.
Hock FJ, Gerhards HJ, Wiemer G, Usinger P, Geiger R.
HOECHST AG, Department of Pharmacology, Frankfurt/M, Federal Republic of Germany.
These experiments investigated the effects of the new ACTH4-9 analog ebiratide (Hoe 427) [H-Met(O2)-Glu-His-Phe-D-Lys-Phe-NH-(CH2)8-NH2 X 3 CH3COOH] on memory processes in mice and rats in five training tasks. With all five training and testing procedures (inhibitory avoidance test with ECS- or scopolamine-induced amnesia, up-hill avoidance, one-way shuttle box avoidance and eight-arm radial maze) ebiratide was most effective in a dose range of 1-10 micrograms/kg SC.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2843833&dopt=Abstract
Brain Res. 1989 Nov 27;503(1):73-82.
Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y varies with brain injection site.
Flood JF, Baker ML, Hernandez EN, Morley JE.
Psychobiology Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Hospital, Sepulveda, CA 91343.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide which was shown to enhance memory retention, recall and prevent amnesia induced by either scopolamine or anisomycin. In this study, we examined the effects of NPY administration into 6 areas of the mouse brain on memory retention for footshock avoidance training in a T-maze. NPY was injected into the rostral and caudal hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, septum and thalamus shortly after training. NPY improved retention when injected into the rostral portion of the hippocampus and septum, impaired retention in the caudal portion of the hippocampus and amygdala and had no effect in the thalamus and caudate. NPY was ineffective at either improving or impairing retention when injected 24 h after training, thus demonstrating that the effects of NPY on retention were time-dependent and not due to proactive effects on retention test performance per se. In addition, NPY had no effect on retention when injected into overlying cortical areas. NPY antibody impaired retention when administered into the rostral hippocampus and septum; it improved retention in the caudal hippocampus and amygdala. Thus NPY antibody had the opposite effect to that of NPY on memory retention suggesting that NPY has a physiological role as a modulator of memory processing within specific anatomical areas of the central nervous system.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2611661&dopt=Abstract
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