Drugs online research references
Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo. 1984 Nov;4(3):213-20.
[Acquisition of a lever press behavior by mice in a water reinforcement situation]
[Article in Japanese]
Kaneto H, Nanri M.
An operant chamber for mice, consisting of two adjacent compartments of W 130 X L 120 X H 150 mm, with a liquid dispenser which is operated by lever press was prepared. Using the apparatus, the applicability of mice for the study of learning of lever press behavior in a water reinforcement situation was investigated. Animals were deprived of water in the home cage and water was only supplied in the operant chamber by the lever press. A session of 15 min training was performed daily. By continuous reinforcement schedule, animals learned the lever pressing by 3 sessions. With these trained animals which attained more than 150 responses further experiments with a fixed ratio (FR) schedule was made, from FR 1 to FR 20. The best increase in responses was observed when the FR was regularly and gradually stepped up from 1 to 20 by every 5 sessions. Scopolamine, 1 mg/kg ip, significantly suppressed the lever press at FR 1 sessions, and the latency time until the first lever press was also prolonged significantly in these sessions. Thus, the applicability of mice for the study of learning of lever press behavior and the experimental schedules were established.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6534036&dopt=Abstract
Drug Chem Toxicol. 1992;15(4):271-83.
Successful pretreatment/therapy of soman, sarin and VX intoxication.
Lennox WJ, Harris LW, Anderson DR, Solana RP, Murrow ML, Wade JV.
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425.
Chemical pretreatment is effective against a 2 LD50 challenge of soman, sarin or VX or a 5 LD50 challenge of tabun. Chemical pretreatment followed by post challenge therapy should be effective against greater levels of agent. Such tests in guinea pigs are reported here; pretreatment regimens (PRGs) consisted of physostigmine (0.15 mg/kg, im) and an adjunct. The adjuncts [mg/kg, im] used were aprophen [8], atropine (AT)[16], azaprophen (AZA)[5], benactyzine [1.25], benztropine (BT) [4], scopolamine [0.08] and trihexyphenidyl [2]. Pretreatment was given 30 min before, and atropine (16 mg/kg, im) and 2-PAM (25 mg/kg, im) therapy (T) at one min after, 5 LD50s of agent. Results indicate that, all of the PRG+T regimens, except BT-not tested with T, prevent lethality by soman; trihexyphenidyl and scopolamine (the only adjuncts used therein) regimens each prevent lethality by sarin and VX. Against soman, all PRG+T regimens (vs PRG only) may shorten the median recovery time to 2 hrs or less. Even without therapy, the PRGs containing AT, AZA or BT prevent lethality by 5 LD50s of soman; however, used alone, only the PRG containing AZA reduces the incidence of convulsions at this level of soman.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1459040&dopt=Abstract
Drug Chem Toxicol. 1991;14(1-2):1-19.
Effects of subacute pretreatment with carbamate together with acute adjunct pretreatment against nerve agent exposure.
Anderson DR, Harris LW, Lennox WJ, Solana RP.
US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425.
Visual observations were made to compare the pretreatment benefits of subacute (75 micrograms/hr, sc) and acute (146 micrograms/kg, im, at 30 min) deliveries of physostigmine salicylate (Phy) against 2 or 5 LD50s (60 or 150 micrograms/kg, sc) of soman in guinea pigs; scopolamine, 80 micrograms/kg, im, was given routinely at 30 min. In a second set of studies, pretreatment with subacute carbamate [sc, Phy 36 micrograms/hr or pyridostigmine (Pyr), 50 micrograms/hr] and acute adjunct (im, scopolamine, 0.48 mg/kg, or trihexyphenidyl, 2 mg/kg) at 30 min, was used against soman (5 LD50s, sc) and VX (18.4 micrograms/kg, sc; 2 LD50s); atropine (16 mg/kg, im) and 2-PAM (25 mg/kg, im) were given at 1 min post soman. In all studies, lethality, % convulsing, convulsive/subconvulsive score, and recovery time were noted. Subacute dosing for 7 days was done via 14-day osmotic minipumps (OMPs). Results of the first set of studies indicate that subacute and acute deliveries of Phy give essentially comparable protection against 2 or 5 LD50s of soman. The second set of studies show that against soman, the adjuncts scopolamine and trihexyphenidyl when compared, and the carbamates, Phy and Pyr when compared, gave similar protective benefits as indicated by all four monitored measures of toxicity. Phy with either adjunct provided excellent protection against VX induced mortality and convulsions. With both carbamates, trihexyphenidyl gave similar protective benefits against VX. Scopolamine, however, under the conditions used herein, failed to act beneficially with Pyr against VX.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1889370&dopt=Abstract
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