Drugs online research references
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1979 Jul;47(1):64-74.
Hippocampal evoked potentials and EEG changes during classical conditioning in the rat.
Buzsaki G, Grastyan E, Tveritskaya IN, Czopf J.
Hippocampal evoked potentials (EPs) and EEG responses were studied in rats, using a classical conditioning paradigm (water, US), with a spatially discontiguous CS-US arrangement in order to separate the CS and goal-related responses. In early training, when the orienting score was high, the tone CS, instead of eliciting a definite EP, usually reset hippocampal theta activity in phase, i.e. theta rhythm became time-locked to CS. With further training, orienting activity (ORI) decreased to the preconditioning level, and this was associated with the recurrence of short-latency and high voltage hippocampal EPs, similar to those observed during habituation. This high voltage EP predicted that the animal would not orient any more towards CS. This correlation was confirmed by behavioural (satiation, shock US) and by pharmacological (scopolamine HBr, 2 mg/kg) treatments, all of which reduced the ORI score. Hippocampal EEGs also showed characteristic changes during conditioning. ORI towards CS was accompanied by higher frequency spectral peaks (9 c/sec) than response to US (7--8 c/sec). This correlation was seen both across sessions and within trials. We conclude that the above changes are related to orienting, attentional factors rather than to movement-related variables.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=88362&dopt=Abstract
Behav Brain Res. 1987 Jul;25(1):31-48.
Transcallosal evoked potentials in relation to behavior in the rat: effects of atropine, p-chlorophenylalanine, reserpine, scopolamine and trifluoperazine.
Vanderwolf CH, Harvey GC, Leung LW.
Single pulse electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex in waking rats produced an evoked response in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex. The slow wave response consisted of: (1) an early component that was negative at the pial surface and in layer V, and was associated with multiunit discharge; and (2) a late component that was mainly negative at the surface, positive in layer V, and was associated with multiunit suppression. Previous research suggests that the early component represents summed excitatory postsynaptic potentials; the late component summed inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Both components could be elicited by direct stimulation of the corpus callosum and both were abolished by midline callosal section. The amplitude and duration of the late component varied with concurrent motor activity in a striking manner. It was large during waking immobility and also during face-washing, licking the paws, chewing food and drinking water, but was much reduced or absent during head movements, walking and changes in posture. Only minor changes were associated with the transition from waking immobility to slow wave sleep. A series of pharmacological experiments indicated that the behavior-related variation in the late component of the transcallosal evoked response was dependent on both cholinergic and serotonergic transmission.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2956970&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1981 Nov;15(5):779-83.
Tetrahydrocannabinol potentiates reserpine-induced hypokinesia.
Moss DE, McMaster SB, Rogers J.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a substance in marihuana, was found to produce a profound potentiation of reserpine-induced hypokinesia in rats as measured with a bar test. In these experiments, THC had no hypokinetic effect by itself but produced a more than 20-fold increase in the hypokinesia produced by reserpine. Reserpine-induced hypokinesia has been viewed as animal model of Parkinson's Disease. THC potentiation of reserpine-induced hypokinesia was observed to be both time- and dose-dependent (1 to 10 mg/kg THC). When administered by gavage to reserpine-pretreated subjects (7.5 mg/kg IP, 24 hours before), THC produced a potentiation of hypokinesia that developed fully within 1 hour, lasted at least 5 hours, and was absent by 12 hours after THC administration. This THC effect was slightly increased by physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, relatively unaffected by scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, and almost completely blocked by ethopropazine, an anticholinergic antiparkinson drug. The effect was completely unaffected by naloxone. Insofar as reserpine has been used with some clinical efficacy in hyperkinetic movement disorders such as Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia, it may be that potentiation of reserpine's hypokinetic effect by a drug such as THC could greatly increase the clinical value of reserpine or related drugs in the treatment of these disorders.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6273940&dopt=Abstract
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