Drugs online research references
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1982;78(2):131-4.
Generalization of the discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine to other drugs in the pigeon using color tracking under second order schedules.
McMillan DE.
Pigeons were trained to track the location of a red or green key color under a second order schedule, with reinforcement of responses to each color contingent upon whether 1.5 mg/kg phencyclidine (PCP) or saline had been administered before the session. When cumulative dose-effect curves were determined for other drugs substituted for PCP, pigeons responded predominantly on the PCP key after other doses of PCP, ketamine, pentobarbital, d-cyclazocine and l-cyclazocine, but not after saline, lactic acid solution, d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide, scopolamine, morphine, naltrexone, or d-, or l-methadone. l-Cyclazocine was slightly more potent than d-cyclazocine in producing PCP key responding. PCP key responding after the optical isomers of cyclazocine was not blocked by naltrexone.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6817368&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1975 Jul-Aug;3(4):613-8.
Dissociation of disinhibitory effects of scopolamine: strain and task factors.
Anisman H.
In 3 experiments it was observed that 3 strains of mice (A/J, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J) differing in activity exhibited comparable levels of spontaneous alternation, and that scopolamine differentially affected activity in the strains, but uniformly eliminated shock-induced suppression and spontaneous alternation behavior. Data are discussed in terms of the relationship between activity and spontaneous alternation. It was suggested that scopolamine exerts its effects on spontaneous alternation via the effects on acetylcholine activity, independent of any effects on general activity levels.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1187725&dopt=Abstract
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1977 Apr;201(1):55-66.
Further evaluation of the discriminative effects of morphine in the rat.
Shannon HE, Holtzman SG.
Rats were trained in a two-choice discrete trial avoidance paradigm to discriminate between saline and 3.0 mg/kg of morphine. Behavior was considered to be under stimulus ocntrol when the rats completed at least 90% of the trials in a 20-trial session on the morphine-appropriate choice lever after receiving morphine and when they completed at least 90% of the trials on the saline-appropriate choice lever after receiving saline. The discriminative effects of morphine, measured by responding on the morphine-appropriate lever, were then evaluated by determining the dose-response characteristics of representative narcotic analgesics, analgesics with mixed agonist and narcotic antagonist properties and nonopioid psychoactive drugs. Eight narcotic analgesics each produced dose-related responding on the morphine-appropriate lever. The relative potency for producing discriminative effects equivalent to those produced by 3.0 mg/kg of morphine ranged form etonitazene = 1000 x morphine to propoxyphene = 0.0175 x morphine. Of the narcotic antagonist analgesics tested, butorphanol and nalmexone produced discriminative effects equivalent to those of the morphine training dose whereas nalorphine, levallorphan, oxilorphan, nalbuphine and ketocyclazocine did not. The nonopioid psychoactive drugs, mescaline, ketamine, physostigmine and scopolamine, also failed to produce discriminative effect equivalent to those produced by 3.0 mg/kg of morphine. These results confirm and extend our previous findings that of those drugs which have also been evaluated in man, discriminative effects equivalent to the training dose of morphine are produced uniquely by narcotic analgesics and narcotic antagonists which produce morphine-like subjective effects. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the properties of morphine which enable it to function as a discriminative stimulus in the rat are analogous to those responsible for producing subjective effects in man.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15104&dopt=Abstract
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