Drugs online research references
Behav Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;8(4):293-308.
Effects of psychoactive drugs on temporal discrimination in rats.
Bizot JC.
Service de Pharmacologie, Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Vert-le-Petit, France.
Male Wistar rats were trained, in two-lever operant chambers, to press one lever (L5) after the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (a light) for 5 s (CS5) or the other lever (L20) after a conditioned stimulus for 20 s (CS20). Various drugs were administered before experimental sessions, during which CS5, CS20 and a stimulus of the intermediate duration of 12 s (CS12) were randomly presented. Rats pretreated with vehicle made approximately 50% of presses on L5 after the presentation of CS12. Atropine, diazepam, desipramine, clomipramine and moderate doses of haloperidol or of scopolamine increased the percentage of responses made on L5 after the presentation of CS20 and/or CS12. These effects could be due to a reduction of the speed of an internal clock. High doses of either haloperidol or scopolamine decreased the percentage of correct responses, an effect that was interpreted as a disruption of temporal discrimination. Nicotine and d-amphetamine decreased the percentage of responses made on L5 after the presentation of CS5 and/or CS12, an effect that could reflect an acceleration in the speed of the internal clock. Physostigmine, buspirone, mianserin and piracetam did not consistently alter performance, suggesting that these drugs do not affect timing processes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9832989&dopt=Abstract
Behav Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;8(2-3):236-42.
Acute nicotine interactions with nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists: working and reference memory effects in the 16-arm radial maze.
Levin ED, Kaplan S, Boardman A.
Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
In the 8-arm radial maze and other tests, acute nicotine administration has been found to improve memory performance significantly, whereas acute administration of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine has been found to impair memory performance. However, questions remain concerning the behavioral and pharmacological nature of acute nicotine effects on memory. In the current studies, we examined acute nicotine effects on working and reference memory in a 16-arm radial maze. In the first study, nicotine caused a significant improvement in working memory but not in reference memory. The muscarinic antagonist scopolamine caused significant deficits in working memory but not in reference memory. Nicotine did not significantly attenuate the scopolamine-induced deficit. In the second study, with rats trained to near-perfect performance, a low dose of mecamylamine (1.25 mg/kg) caused a significant working memory impairment in the 16-arm maze. This deficit was significantly attenuated by concurrent acute administration of nicotine. These studies show that acute nicotine, like chronic nicotine, preferentially improves working compared with reference memory in the radial-arm maze. Mecamylamine can impair working memory performance in the 16-arm maze at low doses which are less likely to have effects at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Nicotine can selectively reverse mecamylamine-induced deficits.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9833018&dopt=Abstract
Neuropeptides. 1998 Oct;32(5):417-21.
Involvement of cholinergic system in losartan-induced facilitation of spatial and short-term working memory.
Raghavendra V, Chopra K, Kulkarni SK.
Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
In the present study we have shown the potential memory enhancing property of losartan, a selective Ang II AT1 receptor antagonist. Nootropic activity of losartan in mice was assessed by using passive avoidance step-down task and elevated plus-maze as a measure of short-term working and spatial memory respectively. Losartan at higher dose (10 mg/kg i.p) improved the basal performance in retention testing in both the test paradigms. Prior administration of losartan also attenuated retention deficit induced by scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg i.p). Moreover, physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg i.p) potentiated memory enhancing properties of losartan administered at lower dose (5 mg/kg i.p). On the basis of above observations it is concluded that the memory enhancing properties of losartan can be attributed to increased cholinergic activity.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9845001&dopt=Abstract
Herbs and Pharmaceuticals Online ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Wellstreet online pharmacy for click-order prescription medications ||
Altace Online Pharmacy ||
Rx Drugs USA, Prescription Drugs Online Pharmacy ||
Insurance plans and information ||
Insurance policies for all purposes ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||