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Rats received, through bilaterally implanted indwelling cannulae, 0.5 microliter infusions of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline2,3-dione (CNQX) (0.5 microgram), D-2-amino-5-phophono pentanoic acid (AP5) (5.0 micrograms), muscimol (0.5 microgram), scopolamine (2.0 micrograms), SCH23390 (2.5 micrograms), saline or a vehicle into the CA1 region of the hippocampus, or into the antero-lateral prefrontal (PRE), posterior parietal (PP) and entorhinal cortex (EC). The infusions were given 6 min prior to one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance training in order to measure their effect on working memory (WM), or immediately post-training in order to measure their effect on short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM), 1.5 and 24 h later, respectively. WM was inhibited by CNQX or muscimol given into any of the cortical areas, by SCH23390 given into CA1, PRE or PP, and by scopolamine given into PRE or EC. STM was unaffected by any of the treatments given into PRE, and was inhibited by CNQX or muscimol given into CA1, PP and EC and by scopolamine given into PP, and enhanced by SCH given into CA1. LTM was inhibited by CNQX, muscimol, scopolamine or SCH23390 given into PRE, by scopolamine given into PP, by SCH23390 given into the entorhinal cortex, and by AP5, CNQX, muscimol or scopolamine given into CA1. The results indicate a differential involvement of the various neurotransmitter systems in the three types of memory in the various brain areas, and a separation of the mechanisms and of the regions involved in each. In addition, some of the findings suggested links between WM and LTM processing in PRE, between WM and STM processing in EC and PP, and between all three types of memory in CA1.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9832927&dopt=Abstract
Behav Pharmacol. 1998 May;9(3):273-83.
An automated learning and memory model in mice: pharmacological and behavioral evaluation of an autoshaped response.
Vanover KE, Barrett JE.
Central Nervous System Research Department, Lederle Laboratories, American Cyanamid Co., Pearl River, New York, USA.
The purpose of the present experiments was to develop and validate pharmacologically an automated, relatively rapid, and reproducible behavioral model of learning and memory using an autoshaping procedure in mice. Nose-poke responses into a recessed area were differentiated by response-dependent reinforcement during two identical consecutive daily sessions. Performance during the first session was considered to be a measure of acquisition and that during the second session a measure of retention. Sensitivity to procedural manipulation, as well as an index of learning under these conditions, was demonstrated, for example, by a decrease in response rate when nose-poke responses did not produce a reinforcer. The sensitivity of the paradigm to pharmacological intervention was examined after drug administration before the first session. Scopolamine (0.1-10.0 mg/kg) had no effect on acquisition but caused a significant dose-related impairment of retention. Dizocilpine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) impaired both acquisition and retention performance. 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 0.1-1.0 mg/kg) disrupted behavior in general, but failed to have a selective effect on acquisition or retention. Linopirdine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) showed only a weak enhancement of acquisition, whereas 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 0.1-1.0 mg/kg) significantly facilitated acquisition. This paradigm offers the potential for a rapid, objective, and reliable indication of whether a drug will affect the acquisition or retention of a positively reinforced response in mice and could be a useful supplement to existing procedures.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9832940&dopt=Abstract
Behav Pharmacol. 1997 Oct;8(5):465-70.
Systemic administration of atipamezole, an alpha 2-antagonist, can reduce scopolamine-induced hyperactivity in rats.
Niittykoski M, Hakkarainen V, Puumala T, Lappalainen R, Ruotsalainen S, Haapalinna A, Sirvio J.
A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland.
The present study investigated whether an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist (atipamezole) can influence hyperactivity induced by the systemic administration of scopolamine. In the water maze (WM) task, scopolamine (scop) 0.25 mg/kg treatment significantly increased swimming speed during the acquisition phase of this task. Atipamezole (ati) 30 micrograms/kg slightly reduced swimming speed both in saline- and in scop-treated rats. Ati 300 micrograms/kg slightly reduced swimming speed in saline-treated rats, and it prevented the scop-induced increase in swimming speed, because ati300-scop treated rats swam more slowly than the saline-saline group. In addition, ati 300 micrograms/kg reduced the total distance swum in scop-treated rats during a free swim trial (the platform was removed from the pool) performed 1 day after the acquisition phase of the WM test, even though it did not affect this parameter when administered alone. In the open arena task, which assessed the ambulation of rats when the pool was covered with a solid floor, scopolamine dose-dependently increased locomotor activity. The rats ambulated more when treated with scop 0.50 mg/kg compared to vehicle treatment, whereas the effect of scop 0.25 mg/kg treatment did not reach significance. In a test investigating the effects of ati 300 micrograms/kg and scop 0.50 mg/kg given singly or combined, the rats ambulated more during both ati 300 micrograms/kg and scop 0.50 mg/kg treatments given alone, but when combined, the rats ambulated less than during scop-saline treatment even though this was more than during control (saline-saline) treatment. These results indicate that the systemic administration of an alpha 2-antagonist can reduce hyperactivity induced by scopolamine.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9832985&dopt=Abstract
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