Drugs online research references
Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Sep 18;357(2-3):163-9.
Involvement of nicotinergic mechanisms in thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced neurologic recovery after concussive head injury in the mouse.
Lestage P, Iris-Hugot A, Gandon MH, Lepagnol J.
Division of Cerebral Pathology, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
A behavioral study was performed in an attempt to understand the neuronal mechanisms involved in the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced improvement of consciousness after concussive head injury in the mouse. Intravenous administration of TRH dose dependently shortened the duration of unconsciousness after concussion in the mouse (ED50 = 3.2 mg/kg). The improvement of recovery evoked by TRH (3 mg/kg i.v.) after concussion was not affected by i.p. pretreatment with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, p-chlorophenylalanine, scopolamine or methylscopolamine. However, mecamylamine or hexamethonium i.p. pretreatment completely inhibited the TRH-induced improvement of outcome in traumatic brain injury. The results imply that TRH-induced improvement of recovery after concussion is not associated with increased activity of monoaminergic neurons in the brain. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of TRH upon unconsciousness after concussion in mice is mainly produced by activation of central cholinergic systems via nicotinic receptors whereas muscarinic receptors seem to be not implicated.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9797032&dopt=Abstract
Horm Behav. 1998 Oct;34(2):112-25.
Estrogen replacement attenuates effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on memory acquisition and retention.
Gibbs RB, Burke AM, Johnson DA.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1004 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.
A multiple-trial passive avoidance paradigm was used to examine and compare the ability for estrogen replacement to attenuate learning and memory deficits produced by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine and the benzodiazepine lorazepam. The multiple-trial paradigm was used in order to distinguish effects on acquisition from effects on retention. Estrogen replacement significantly attenuated a scopolamine-induced deficit on passive avoidance acquisition, but not retention. The ability for estrogen to attenuate the effect of scopolamine on acquisition was observed only when the analysis was limited to animals with serum levels of estradiol <200 pg/ml, suggesting that higher levels of estradiol were ineffective. This observation is consistent with at least one recent study showing dose-related effects of estrogen on ChAT-like immunoreactivity in the basal forebrain and supports the hypothesis that effects of estrogen on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons can help to reduce cognitive deficits associated with cholinergic impairment. Estrogen replacement was also observed to protect against a lorazepam-induced impairment on passive avoidance retention. This effect was observed specifically in animals that received estrogen prior to and during training and was not due to any effect of estrogen on serum levels of lorazepam following acute lorazepam administration. Collectively, these data demonstrate the ability for estrogen replacement to attenuate specific pharmacologically induced impairments in learning and retention and provide additional clues as to potential mechanisms by which estrogen replacement may help to reduce cognitive deficits associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9799622&dopt=Abstract
Am J Chin Med. 1998;26(2):117-25.
Effects of Jen-San-Yaung-Jung-Tang on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.
Lu MC.
Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan.
The effect of Jen-San-Yaung-Jung-Tang (YJT) on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia was investigated in a step-through passive avoidance task in rats. It was observed that YJT (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) significantly improved SCOP-induced amnesia and did not change the horizontal activity and pain threshold. YJT at 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg also did not change SCOP-treated horizontal activity and pain threshold. Furthermore, the antiamnesic effect of YJT at 1.0 g/kg on the SCOP-induced amnesia was augmented by physostigmine, but was not altered by neostigmine or scopolamine N-methylbromide. These results suggest that the antiamnesic effect of YJT could only be related to the memory-related process, and to an increase in central cholinergic neuronal activity.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9799963&dopt=Abstract
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