Drugs online research references
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990;100(1):27-30.
State dependent and/or direct memory retrieval by morphine in mice.
Nishimura M, Shiigi Y, Kaneto H.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
Mice were trained in step-down and step-through type passive avoidance learning tasks and given retention tests. Pre-training administration of morphine impaired retention, the effect recovering completely after an additional injection of the same dose of morphine given 30 min before the retention test. Amnesia produced by scopolamine, cycloheximide and electroconvulsive shock was also reversed by pre-test morphine. Pre-test saline also reversed the morphine-induced memory impairment to some extent, indicating that the recovery may partially be due to the state dependent effect. Thus, it is demonstrated that pre-test morphine not only state dependently but also directly reversed memory impairment in mice.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2296624&dopt=Abstract
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990;101(4):550-4.
Chlordiazepoxide reduces discriminability but not rate of forgetting in delayed conditional discrimination.
Tan S, Kirk RC, Abraham WC, McNaughton N.
Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Benzodiazepine and anticholinergic drugs interfere with septo-hippocampal function in similar but not identical ways. They also share a number of common behavioural effects and, in particular, both classes of drug interfere with spatial memory in the Morris Water Maze--a test which is very sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction. We have previously shown that the anticholinergic drug scopolamine impairs discriminability, but not rate of forgetting, in delayed conditional discrimination. In the present study forgetting was quantified by fitting a negative exponential function to estimates of discriminability derived from a signal detection analysis of data from an auditory delayed conditional discrimination task. Chlordiazepoxide produced a highly significant decrease in discriminability which was monotonically related to the logarithm of dose in the range 0.67-18.0 mg/kg IP. The rate of forgetting was not increased. These data confirm the pharmacological independence of changes in discriminability and rate of forgetting; demonstrate that in this task chlordiazepoxide has similar effects to scopolamine; and suggest that the effects of chlordiazepoxide in other working memory tasks could be more a result of changed stimulus processing than impairment of memorial processes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2388977&dopt=Abstract
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1987;92(3):313-9.
Opioid modulation of the discriminative stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol.
Emmett-Oglesby MW, Herz A.
Rats were trained to detect the stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 16 mg/kg, and prototypic drugs for mu, kappa and sigma opioid receptors were tested for their ability to block or substitute for PTZ. Only the sigma agonist, phencyclidine, showed any capacity for blocking the PTZ stimulus. Drugs with selective kappa or sigma actions did not substitute for PTZ. However, morphine, fentanyl and Mr 2034 did substitute for the PTZ stimulus. This substitution was found to be centrally mediated in that quaternary morphine did not produce a PTZ-like stimulus. In contrast to the substitution of these drugs for PTZ, in rats trained to detect the stimulus properties of fentanyl, no substitution of PTZ for the fentanyl stimulus occurred. In tests of the capacity of various drugs to block the PTZ-like stimulus of mu agonists, the stimulus produced by morphine or fentanyl was blocked by naloxone, diazepam and haloperidol, but not by scopolamine. These results demonstrate that drugs with mu agonist properties show a one-way substitution for the discriminative stimulus produced by PTZ. The observation that haloperidol blocked the PTZ-like stimulus of mu agonists suggests the possible involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in the mediation of the effect.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2819916&dopt=Abstract
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