Drugs online research references
Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 Oct;19(4):300-13.
Effects of antidepressant treatment on inhibitory avoidance behavior and amygdaloid beta-adrenoceptors in rats.
Daws LC, Lopez R, Frazer A.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Chronic treatment of rats with a variety of antidepressants results in the down-regulation of beta-1-adrenoceptors in the amygdaloid nuclei. The present study sought to determine if this specific neurochemical effect caused an alteration in inhibitory avoidance conditioning, a behavior considered to be mediated by beta-adrenoceptors in the amygdala. Rats treated chronically with either desipramine (DMI) or phenelzine (PHEN), which down-regulate beta-1-adrenoceptors in the amygdala, or fluoxetine (FLUOX), which does not do this, did not exhibit a deficit in the retention of the inhibitory avoidance task. However, when scopolamine was given prior to acquisition of the task in a dose that, by itself, did not affect retention, DMI- and PHEN-treated rats showed a marked deficit in retention. This effect was also observed after acute administration of these drugs, although they did not down-regulate amygdaloid beta-1-adrenoceptors at this time. It seems that the ability of these antidepressants to potentiate the amnesic effect of scopolamine is unrelated to their effect on beta-1-adrenoceptor number in the amygdala and that the extent of the antidepressant-induced amygdaloid beta-1-adrenoceptor down-regulation is not sufficient, by itself, to cause a deficit in an inhibitory avoidance task.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9718593&dopt=Abstract
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1982;36:264-73.
Kindling: a pharmacological approach.
Wasterlain CG, Morin AM, Jonec V.
Injection of a few nanomoles of the muscarinic agonists carbamylcholine, muscarine or (+)-acetyl-beta-methylcholine once a day into the rat amygdala was initially subconvulsive, but on repetition led to the progressive development of kindled epileptic seizures. This behaviour was stereospecific, was potentiated by the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine, and was blocked by the muscarinic antagonists atropine, QNB and scopolamine. The kindling potencies of cholinergic muscarinic agonists and antagonists paralleled their relative affinities for muscarinic receptors in vitro. No changes in muscarinic receptors, in cholinesterase or in choline acetyltransferase were observed in kindled brains after a stimulation-free period of at least 1 week. These data support the aggregate hypothesis of epileptogenesis and suggest that abnormal activity through a particular group of muscarinic synapses can be sufficient to generate an epileptic focus.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6962022&dopt=Abstract
J Urol. 1998 Sep;160(3 Pt 1):920-5.
The effect of the specific phosphodiesterase-IV-inhibitor rolipram on the ureteral peristalsis of the rabbit in vitro and in vivo.
Becker AJ, Stief CG, Meyer M, Truss MC, Forssmann WG, Jonas U.
Department of Urology, Medizinische Hochschule, and the Lower Saxony Institute for Peptide Research, Hannover, Germany.
PURPOSE: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE's) are intracellular key enzymes in the regulation of the tone in smooth muscle cells. There are 5 different isoenzyme families that show a specific organ and species distribution pattern. The aim of our study was to examine possible selective ureteral relaxation by the specific PDE-IV-inhibitor rolipram in the rabbit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For in vitro studies ureters were taken from 12 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy and from 4 rabbits which were sacrificed. For the in vivo study 23 rabbits received intravenous administration of papaverine (300 microg./kg. b.w., n = 2), scopolamine (667 microg./kg. b.w., n = 2), theophylline (5 mg./kg. b.w., n = 2) and rolipram (5 and 20 microg./kg. b.w., n = 9 and n = 8). Ureteral dynamic parameters (frequency, amplitude, tonus) and systemic blood pressure were continuously monitored 40 minutes before and at least 60 minutes after injection of the drugs. RESULTS: Scopolamine had no effect on ureteral peristalsis, but significant effects on systemic blood pressure were observed. Papaverine and theophylline showed short-lasting ureteral relaxations, but were accompanied by severe circulatory side effects. Rolipram showed pronounced ureteral relaxation with minimal circulatory effects. CONCLUSION: Our results show that intravenous administration of the specific PDE-IV-inhibitor rolipram relaxes the rabbit ureter without significant circulatory side effects. Because human and rabbit ureter show similar relaxation results in vitro, this pharmacological approach seems promising for the treatment of ureteral colic and the facilitation of urinary stone passage in humans.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9720588&dopt=Abstract
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