Drugs online research references
rambam.health.gov.il
Foam cell formation, the hallmark of early atherosclerosis, results from cholesterol accumulation in arterial macrophages. Angiotensin-II stimulates foam cell formation and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce atherosclerosis in animal models. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of the ACE inhibitor Ramipril on the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E-deficient (E0) mice with already advanced atherosclerosis. Therefore, 4-month-old atherosclerotic E0 mice were treated with Ramipril for 2 and 4 months and compared to age-matched placebo-treated mice, as well as to control young (4-month-old) non-treated E0 mice, for their atherosclerosis. Histomorphometry showed that Ramipril treatment substantially inhibited atherogenesis as shown by 48 and 72% reduction in lesion size at 6 and 8 months of age, respectively, compared to the lesion size in age-matched placebo-treated mice. Moreover, the size of the atherosclerotic lesions in 6- and 8-month-old Ramipril-treated mice was almost identical to the size of atherosclerosis of the 4-month-old control mice. Moreover, Ramipril treatment of E0 mice, significantly reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) uptake by their peritoneal macrophages (MPM) by 32%, compared to Ox-LDL uptake by MPM from 6-month-old placebo mice, and even reduced it by 12% in comparison to Ox-LDL uptake by MPM from 4-month-old control mice. A significant decrease in the mRNA levels of the Ox-LDL receptor CD36 by 58% was observed in macrophages from 6-month-old Ramipril-treated mice compared to macrophages from the 6-month-old placebo-treated mice. There was even a significant reduction (by 32%) in CD36 mRNA levels in macrophages from the 6-month-old Ramipril-treated mice, compared to the CD36 mRNA levels in macrophages from the 4-month-old control mice. We thus conclude that administration of the ACE inhibitor Ramipril to E0 mice, which already exhibit significant atherosclerosis, blocked the progression of the atherosclerotic lesion build-up, a phenomenon that could be related to Ramipril-induced inhibition of Ox-LDL uptake by macrophages.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11882318&dopt=Abstract
J Hypertens. 1995 Dec;13(12 Pt 1):1413-19.
Threshold sodium excretory and renal blood flow effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.
Zhang X, Dunham EW, Zimmerman BG.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To probe the potential influence of a high renal tubular level of angiotensin II on sodium reabsorption using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and a non-peptide angiotensin antagonist. METHODS: Systemic arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow (RBF) and electrolyte and urinary excretion were measured in anesthetized uninephrectomized Wistar rats. Captopril (n = 12), ramiprilat (n = 10) or EXP 3174 (n = 9) was infused into the renal artery in graded doses to examine whether the threshold dose that increased RBF was lower than that which increased sodium excretion rate (Na+ excretion rate). RESULTS: Whereas ramiprilat (0.5-4 micrograms/kg/min intra-arterially) and EXP 3174 (0.5-4 micrograms/kg/min intra-arterially) decreased blood pressure in all but the lowest dose of 0.5 micrograms/kg/min, captopril (1-8 micrograms/kg/min intra-arterially) did not change blood pressure except for a slight effect with the two higher doses. These three agents increased RBF to about the same degree, between 6% and 18%, which was relatively large compared with the maximal vasodilator response achievable in the kidney with acetylcholine (30-37%). Captopril given intra-arterially had a more consistent effect on Na+ excretion rate than either ramiprilat or EXP 3174. An increase in Na+ excretion rate occurred with captopril ranging from 44% to 78%, whereas no significant change was obtained with the other drugs. The dose of captopril that increased RBF was the same as that which increased Na+ excretion rate. In those experiments in which ramiprilat resulted in an increase in Na+ excretion rate (five of 10 experiments), the effective dose was the same as that which increased RBF. CONCLUSION: When administered by the intra-arterial route, captopril was more effective in increasing Na+ excretion rate than either ramiprilat or EXP 3174. Although the threshold dose of captopril and ramiprilat required to increase Na+ excretion rate and RBF was similar, suggesting blockade of a common angiotensin II pool, there was not a good correlation between these two effects.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8866903&dopt=Abstract
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2002 Apr 15;28(2):311-21.
Spectrophotometric and AAS determination of ramipril and enalapril through ternary complex formation.
Ayad MM, Shalaby AA, Abdellatef HE, Hosny MM.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Two sensitive, spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric procedures are developed for the determination of two antihypertensive agents (enalapril maleate and ramipril). The spectrophotometric procedures for the two cited drugs are based on ternary complex formation. The first ternary complex (copper(II), eosin, and enalapril) was estimated by two methods; the first depends on its extraction with chloroform measuring at 533.4 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in concentration range from 56 to 112 microg ml(-1). The second method for the same complex depends on its direct measurement after addition of methylcellulose as surfactant at the pH value 5 at 558.8 nm. The concentration range is from 19 to 32 microg ml(-1). The second ternary complex (iron(III), thiocyanate, and ramipril) was extracted with methylene chloride, measuring at 436.6 nm, with a concentration range 60-132 microg ml(-1). The direct atomic absorption spectrometric method through the quantitative determination of copper or iron content of the complex was also investigated for the purpose of enhancing the sensitivity of the determination. The spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric procedures hold their accuracy and precision well when applied to the determination of ramipril and enalapril dosage forms.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11929674&dopt=Abstract
Herbs and Pharmaceuticals Online ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Wellstreet online pharmacy for click-order prescription medications ||
Altace Online Pharmacy ||
Rx Drugs USA, Prescription Drugs Online Pharmacy ||
Insurance plans and information ||
Insurance policies for all purposes ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||