Drugs online research references
Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Summer;7(2):109-14.
Influence of the British Columbia reference drug program on hospital formularies: a survey of hospital pharmacy managers.
Gill NJ, Frighetto L, Marra C, Jewesson P.
University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of the British Columbia Reference Drug (RD) Program on the management of hospital formularies in the province. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of pharmacy managers in British Columbia hospitals with more than 100 beds was conducted in November, 1997. The survey instrument contained questions regarding hospital characteristics, drugs listed on the formulary before and after implementation of RD policies for four drug classes, the hospitals' responses to RD policies and the respondents' opinions of the RD Program. RESULTS: Thirty-two (86%) hospitals returned the survey by the stated deadline. Before the RD Program was implemented, significantly more hospitals listed cimetidine (P=0.03), felodipine (P<0.001), quinapril (P<0.001) and ramipril (P<0.001) on the hospital drug formulary. The main reasons given for changes to hospital drug formularies were community prescribing patterns (25% to 38%) and the RD Program (23% to 44%) depending on the drug category. Twenty-seven (84%) hospitals did not automatically adopt RD policies; 22 (69%) hospitals reviewed the policies at Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee meetings. Sixteen (50%) respondents thought that hospitals should change their drug formularies to match the policies. Median satisfaction with the RD Program on a 10-point rating scale (1 = unsatisfied, 10 = satisfied) was 7 (range 2 to 10). CONCLUSIONS: Respondents appeared to be neutral when asked their opinion of the RD initiative. The RD policies resulted in drug category-dependent changes in the hospital formulary listings. H2 receptor antagonists and antihypertensives were the most significantly influenced drug categories. RD status does not automatically confer formulary status of a drug; however, it does appear to be a criterion in most hospitals when considering a drug for inclusion in the formulary.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10958707&dopt=Abstract
Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep;131(1):138-44.
Enhanced reduction of myocardial infarct size by combined ACE inhibition and AT(1)-receptor antagonism.
Weidenbach R, Schulz R, Gres P, Behrends M, Post H, Heusch G.
Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Internal Medicine, University of Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
The effects of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) ramiprilat, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (AT(1)A) candesartan, and the combination of both drugs on infarct size (IS) resulting from regional myocardial ischaemia were studied in pigs. Both ACEI and AT(1)A reduce myocardial IS by a bradykinin-mediated process. It is unclear, however, whether the combination of ACEI and AT(1)A produces a more pronounced IS reduction than each of these drugs alone. Forty-six enflurane-anaesthetized pigs underwent 90 min low-flow ischaemia and 120 min reperfusion. Systemic haemodynamics (micromanometer), subendocardial blood flow (ENDO, microspheres) and IS (TTC-staining) were determined. The decreases in left ventricular peak pressure by ACEI (by 9+/-2 (s.e. mean) mmHg), AT(1)A (by 11+/-2 mmHg) or their combination (by 18+/-3 mmHg, P<0.05 vs ACEI and AT(1)A, respectively) were readjusted by aortic constriction prior to ischaemia. With placebo (n=10), IS averaged 20.0+/-3.3% of the area at risk. IS was reduced to 9.8+/-2.6% with ramiprilat (n=10) and 10.6+/-3.1% with candesartan (n=10). Combined ramiprilat and candesartan (n=10) reduced IS to 6.7+/-2.1%. Blockade of the bradykinin-B(2)-receptor with icatibant prior to ACEI and AT(1)A completely abolished the reduction of IS (n=6, 22.8+/-6.1%). The relationship between IS and ischaemic ENDO with placebo was shifted downwards by each ACEI and AT(1)A and further shifted downwards with their combination (P<0.05 vs all groups); icatibant again abolished such downward shift. The combination of ACEI and AT(1)A enhances the reduction of IS following ischaemia/reperfusion compared to a monotherapy by either drug alone; this effect is mediated by bradykinin.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10960080&dopt=Abstract
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2000 Sep;23(4):637-51.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the related substances of ramipril in Altace capsules.
Hogan BL, Williams M, Idiculla A, Veysoglu T, Parente E.
Quality Control Department, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kansas City, MO 64137-1405, USA.
The development and validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the related substances of 2-[N-[(S)-1-Ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl]-L-alanyl]-(1S, 3S, 5S)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3-carboxylic acid (ramipril) in Altace capsules is described. The method utilizes an ion-pairing agent and a simple two-step gradient for the separation of ramipril and ten related substances from each other in a 40-min run time. Four of the related substances are ramipril diastereomers. To the best of our knowledge, no method described previously in the literature has demonstrated resolution of ramipril from this set of related substances. No method for the determination of the related substances of ramipril is currently described in the United States Pharmacopoeia or the European Pharmacopoeia. The proposed method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, and specificity. Also, the method was determined to be robust with regards to the following parameters: mobile phase apparent pH: mobile phase organic content: mobile phase perchlorate concentration; detection wavelength and time dependence of sample and standard stability.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10975240&dopt=Abstract
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