ACE inhibitors in HF restore canine pulmonary endothelial function and ANG II vasoconstriction. Prevention of albuminuria by aminoguanidine or ramipril in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is associated with the normalization of glomerular protein kinase C. Effects of the new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, in patients with essential hypertension. Rx drugs

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Am J Physiol. 1999 Nov;277(5 Pt 2):H1924-30.
ACE inhibitors in HF restore canine pulmonary endothelial function and ANG II vasoconstriction.

Straeter-Knowlen IM, Dell'italia LJ, Dai J, Hankes GH, Dillon AR, Cartee RE, Pohost GM, Ku DD.

Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham 35294, Alabama.

Chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) in dogs results in pulmonary congestion and increased cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and angiotensin (ANG) II levels. ACE could contribute to altered pulmonary vasomotion in heart failure, and ACE inhibitor (ACEI) therapy may normalize pulmonary vasomotion. We evaluated pulmonary artery (PA) responses to ANG II and bradykinin (BK) in control dogs, in dogs with 4 mo of MR, in MR dogs treated with the ACEI ramipril (MR + R), and in control dogs treated with ramipril (C + R). Mean PA systolic pressure increased in MR dogs (21 +/- 4 mmHg) but was normal in MR + R dogs (13 +/- 1 mmHg). Constriction of PA rings to ANG II was depressed in MR dogs. ACEI treatment (MR + R) restored ANG II responsiveness, but peak ANG II response (3.6 +/- 0.2 g) in MR + R dogs remained lower than in C + R dogs (4.7 +/- 0.2 g). Endothelium-dependent relaxation to BK was decreased (-87 +/- 4% C, -65 +/- 4% MR; P < 0.05). Ramipril (MR + R) restored relaxation to BK. This demonstrates that pulmonary congestion results in impaired pulmonary vasomotion to ANG II and BK, which ACEIs could normalize, supporting the use of ACEIs in clinical management of chronic congestive heart failure.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10564148&dopt=Abstract

Diabetes. 2000 Jan;49(1):87-93.
Prevention of albuminuria by aminoguanidine or ramipril in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is associated with the normalization of glomerular protein kinase C.

Osicka TM, Yu Y, Panagiotopoulos S, Clavant SP, Kiriazis Z, Pike RN, Pratt LM, Russo LM, Kemp BE, Comper WD, Jerums G.

Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin and Repatriation Medical Center, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.

This study examined whether the prevention of diabetes-related albuminuria by aminoguanidine (AG) or ramipril (RAM) may be mediated by a common post-glomerular basement membrane renal intracellular mechanism involving protein kinase C (PKC). The renal handling of albumin was examined over 24 weeks in control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) that measures intact albumin, and intravenously injected tritium-labeled rat serum albumin, was used to assess the proportion of intact albumin and albumin fragments in urine. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by the intravenous administration of STZ at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Age-matched control rats received buffer alone. Diabetes was characterized by an increase in blood glucose (>15 mmol/l), an increase in GHb (means at 24 weeks 29.3+/-1.1%; control 6.1+/-0.1%, P<0.005), an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (4.13+/-0.15 ml/min; control 3.54+/-0.19 ml/min, P<0.005), an increase in intact albumin excretion rate (expressed as geometric mean 11.64 times/divided by 2.11 mg/24 h; control 0.74 times/divided by 1.57 mg/24 h, P<0.005) as measured by RIA, and an increase in glomerular PKC activity (26.83+/-2.38 pmol x mg(-1) x min(-1); control 14.6+/-2.99 pmol x mg(-1) x min(-1), P<0.005). Treatment of diabetic rats with either AG or RAM prevented the rise in intact albuminuria and glomerular PKC activity. Renal lysosomal cathepsin activity decreased in diabetic rats and this was not prevented by AG or RAM. Neither drug affected glycemic control or GFR, but RAM reduced systolic blood pressure (BP), whereas AG did not. These data indicate that urinary excretion of intact albumin and albumin-derived fragments in diabetes may be modulated independently of glycemic control (AG and RAM) and systolic BP (RAM). While both drugs are known for their different mechanisms of action, the fact that both prevent diabetes-related increases in glomerular PKC activity and albuminuria supports the hypothesis that PKC plays a central role in the development of diabetic nephropathy.

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Klin Wochenschr. 1986 Jun 16;64(12):558-62.
Effects of the new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, in patients with essential hypertension.

Stumpe KO, Overlack A, Kolloch R, Schatz J, Witte PU, Pahnke K.

The antihypertensive and hormonal effects of the new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ramipril, were assessed by means of a single-blind trial in ten unselected patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. After a 2-week period on placebo, 5 mg ramipril was administered once daily for 2 weeks. Blood pressure returned to normal in five patients and decreased in the remaining patients, without significant changes in heart rate or orthostatic hypotension. A fall in blood pressure was apparent within 1-2 h of the first dose; the maximum decrease was reached at 4-6 h and a fall in pressure was still detectable after 24 h. At 24 h post dose angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was suppressed to 40% of the baseline. Blood pressures for the 10 h interval post dosing showed smooth through-the-day control with minimal peak/trough difference in lowering effect. The magnitude of the blood pressure decrement achieved with the inhibitor did not correlate with baseline renin levels or the rise in renin following treatment. No side-effects were noted during the 2-week observation period. The study demonstrates that ramipril, given in a once-daily regimen over a period of 2 weeks, is well tolerated and provides smooth and effective blood pressure control throughout the 24-h interval between doses.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3016405&dopt=Abstract

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