Interindividual differences in active and passive behaviors in the forced-swimming test: implications for animal models of psychopathology. Withdrawal reactions with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors as reported to the WHO system. Tricyclic antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressant selection and health care costs in the naturalistic setting: a multivariate analysis. Rx drugs

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Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Mar 15;45(6):750-8.
Interindividual differences in active and passive behaviors in the forced-swimming test: implications for animal models of psychopathology.

Taghzouti K, Lamarque S, Kharouby M, Simon H.

Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Faculte des Sciences, Rabat, Morocco.

BACKGROUND: In common with other animal models of psychopathology, the forced-swimming test (FST) suffers from the fact that it involves normal animals. Moreover, powerful antidepressant drugs such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been found to give false negatives in this behavioral test. METHODS: To circumvent these theoretical and practical difficulties, we studied the interindividual variability of the behavioral reactivity of rats in the FST. The effects of fluoxetine treatment or of a stressful experience (repeated testing in the FST) were analyzed on various behavioral responses. RESULTS: The following observations were made in replicated experiments: 1) a dimensional behavioral response from passivity to high reactivity in the FST; 2) an antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine only in a subgroup of animals categorized as low responders on the dimension of passivity-reactivity; and 3) a switch toward passive responses following a past experience of stress, which was corrected by fluoxetine treatment. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that a dimensional approach could improve the screening of antidepressant drugs and could aid the development of new ones by identifying the biobehavioral characteristics of responder and nonresponder subjects.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10188005&dopt=Abstract

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Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;53(3-4):163-9.
Withdrawal reactions with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors as reported to the WHO system.

Stahl MM, Lindquist M, Pettersson M, Edwards IR, Sanderson JH, Taylor NF, Fletcher AP, Schou JS.

Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Medical Products Agency (MPA), Uppsala, Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed both to investigate whether there might be a difference between the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, (SSRIs) with regard to the incidence of withdrawal reactions, and to describe the associated symptoms. From the WHO database, therefore, all case reports from the year of introduction for each of the SSRIs, fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline, were retrieved. Sales figures were obtained from Intercontinental Medical Statistics International. The reporting rates were calculated as the number of reports per million defined daily doses (DDDs) sold per year. RESULTS: The reporting rate of withdrawal reactions for paroxetine was found to be higher than that for sertraline and fluoxetine in each of the countries selected for detailed analyses (US, UK and Australia), as well as for all 16 countries combined. Moreover, using the WHO system of organ classification, the ratio of central nervous system to psychiatric withdrawal symptoms was 1.9 and 2.1 for paroxetine and sertraline, respectively, whereas that for fluoxetine was 0.48, indicating a possible qualitative difference between the SSRIs with respect to the nature of the withdrawal syndrome.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9476026&dopt=Abstract

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J Affect Disord. 1998 Jan;47(1-3):71-9.
Tricyclic antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressant selection and health care costs in the naturalistic setting: a multivariate analysis.

Hylan TR, Crown WH, Meneades L, Heiligenstein JH, Melfi CA, Croghan TW, Buesching DP.

Global Health Economics Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

BACKGROUND: Providers and payers have an interest in the total health care costs following the initiation of antidepressant treatment in the real world of clinical practice. Analyses of these costs can help evaluate the economic consequences of patient management decisions associated with initial antidepressant selection. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the 1-year total direct health care costs for patients initiating therapy with one of the available tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or one of the three most often prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - paroxetine, sertraline, or fluoxetine. METHOD: A two-stage multivariate econometric model and data from fee-for-service private insurance claims between 1990 and 1994 were used to estimate the total direct health care costs following initial antidepressant drug selection for 2693 patients with a 'new' episode of antidepressant treatment. After controlling for both observed and unobserved characteristics, the 1-year total direct health care costs were found to be (1) statistically significantly lower for patients initiating therapy on fluoxetine than for patients initiating therapy on a TCA; (2) statistically significantly lower for patients who initiated therapy on fluoxetine than for patients initiating therapy on sertraline. CONCLUSIONS: Broadly considered, the findings in this study suggest that total direct health care costs differ across initial antidepressant selection after controlling for both observed and unobserved characteristics.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9476746&dopt=Abstract

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