Drugs online research references
Brain Res Bull. 1997;44(3):289-95.
Effect of acute or repeated stress on behavior and brain norepinephrine system in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats.
Zafar HM, Pare WP, Tejani-Butt SM.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
WKY rats develop more restraint-induced gastric ulcers and exhibit more depressive behavior compared to other rat strains. Exposure to novel stressors for 21 days exacerbates depressive behavior in WKY rats and alters beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) sites in several limbic brain regions when compared to Sprague-Dawley rats. The present study examined whether these effects would be elaborated following an acute stressor and whether WKY rats would demonstrate adaptation after repeated stress. Rats were subjected to a 2-h supine restraint stress for either one or eight consecutive daily sessions. Open-field behavioral data were collected immediately after the daily stress sessions. Brains were sectioned for autoradiographic analysis of 125I-pindolol binding to beta-ARs and 3H-nisoxetine binding to NET sites in discrete brain regions. Acute 1-day stress resulted in a significant drop in body weight and an inhibition of behaviors in the open field. These effects were also sustained following 7 days of chronic restraint stress. In contrast, while acute stress had no effect on NET binding sites or beta-ARs, repeated stress decreased NET sites in the amygdala, hypothalamus, and locus coeruleus with little effect on beta-ARs in the brain regions examined.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9323444&dopt=Abstract
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J Anal Toxicol. 1997 Oct;21(6):415-9.
Simultaneous identification and quantitation of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in biological samples by GC-MS.
Crifasi JA, Le NX, Long C.
St. Louis University, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Missouri 63134, USA.
A sensitive method for the quantitation of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in biological samples was developed. Blood, urine, and tissue samples were alkalinized and extracted with N-butyl chloride. The extracts were derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Selected ions were monitored at m/z 117 and 294 for fluoxetine; m/z 117, 176, and 280 for norfluoxetine; and m/z 122 and 299 for the internal standard fluoxetine-d5. The within-run and between-run precision as well as recovery were determined for both analytes. The empirical limit of detection was determined to be 12.5 micrograms/L for both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, whereas the empirical limit of quantitation was 25 micrograms/L for both drugs. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 50-1000 micrograms/L for both analytes. Some drugs that were known or suspected of interfering with high-performance liquid chromatography and GC methods for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were tested for interference. This is the only reported method that combines the use of a deuterated internal standard, selected ion monitoring by GC-MS, and derivatization for the identification and quantitation of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9323519&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997 Nov;58(3):767-73.
Fluoxetine decreases fat and protein intakes but not carbohydrate intake in male rats.
Heisler LK, Kanarek RB, Gerstein A.
Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02215, USA.
Administration of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, results in decreases in food intake and body weight. The present study investigated whether the anorectic actions of fluoxetine were due to a general decrease in caloric intake or macronutrient specific. Male Long-Evans rats were maintained on a dietary self-selection regime with separate sources of protein, fat, and carbohydrate. During the acute phase of the experiment, nutrient intakes were measured 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after injections of 0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride. Fluoxetine significantly decreased protein and fat intakes in a dose-related manner at all measurement times. In comparison, fluoxetine had a less pronounced effect on carbohydrate intake. During the chronic phase, rats were divided into two groups, one receiving daily injections of 10.0 mg/kg fluoxetine, and the other, vehicle injections. Drug injections continued for 28 days, and were followed by a 28-day withdrawal period. Rats given fluoxetine on a chronic basis consumed significantly less calories and gained significantly less weight than rats injected with the vehicle. Both caloric intake and body weight returned to control values during the withdrawal period. Fat and protein intakes also were significantly reduced throughout the drug injection period, and were restored to baseline levels during the withdrawal period. In contrast, carbohydrate intake was not reduced on an absolute basis, and actually was increased as percent of total caloric intake during the drug period. The results of this experiment call into question the idea that increased serotoninergic activity is related to selective reductions in carbohydrate intake.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9329071&dopt=Abstract
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