Drugs online research references
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1995 Winter;9(4):233-7.
Low-dose propranolol reduces aggression and agitation resembling that associated with orbitofrontal dysfunction in elderly demented patients.
Shankle WR, Nielson KA, Cotman CW.
Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, U.S.A.
Although several reports suggest that intermediate to high doses of propranolol (80-160 and 200-600 mg/day) can effectively treat aggressive behavior in dementia, significant side effects can occur at these doses. To minimize these side effects, we treated and followed-up a series of 12 demented patients, whose caregivers sought medical help for their disruptive, aggressive behavior, with low-dose propranolol monotherapy (10-80 mg/day). Assessment measures obtained at baseline and during treatment by caregiver interview included ordinal ratings of aggression severity, the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), and the California Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). The aggression ratings showed that low-dose propranolol effectively reduced aggression in eight of 12 patients (67%) within 2 weeks of treatment and remained effective for the duration of follow-up (1 to 14 months). Subscales of the CMAI showed responders to have significant reductions in physical and verbal aggression/agitation and in pacing/wandering. These results suggest that low-dose propranolol should be further studied for treating aggression or agitation in demented patients.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8749613&dopt=Abstract
J Pineal Res. 1995 Oct;19(3):133-8.
Pharmacologic studies on the mechanism of melatonin-induced vasorelaxation in rat aorta.
Weekley LB.
Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235-9037, USA.
The influence of several classes of drugs on the melatonin-induced vasorelaxation of isolated rat aorta were examined. Melatonin caused a dose-dependent relaxation of precontracted (30 mM KCl) aorta. This relaxant response was blocked by preincubating vessels with antagonists of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Substance P antagonists did not alter the response to melatonin. Pretreatment of vessels with 6-hydroxydopamine, lidocaine, or tetrodotoxin antagonized the relaxant response to melatonin. On the other hand, pretreatment with atropine + propranolol did not alter the response to melatonin. These experiments suggest that melatonin may exert part of its vasoactive actions by an interaction with perivascular nerve terminals.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8750347&dopt=Abstract
Muscle Nerve. 1996 Aug;19(8):959-65.
Acute effects of intravenous injection of beta-adrenoreceptor- and calcium channel at antagonists and agonists in myasthenia gravis.
Jonkers I, Swerup C, Pirskanen R, Bjelak S, Matell G.
Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institute, Soder Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
The effect of intravenous injection of propranolol, verapamil, terbutaline, calcium, and edrophonium on neuromuscular transmission has been studied with repetitive nerve stimulation and clinical tests in 10 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). The drugs were given intravenously in doses commonly used in clinical practice. Only minor clinical effects were noted except for edrophonium. The mean decrement of the deltoid muscle was not significantly changed after injection of propranolol (before 31%, 15 min after injection 27%) and verapamil (before 29%, 15 min after injection 26%). Terbutaline applied after propranolol and calcium applied after verapamil improved the decrement substantially. Edrophonium applied after propranolol or verapamil also greatly improved the decrement. We conclude that there is no rapid deterioration of neuromuscular transmission in patients with moderately severe MG after injections with therapeutic doses of propranolol and verapamil. However, we do not know if the most severely disabled MG patient could have reacted otherwise. We consider that, in cardiovascular emergencies, propranolol and verapamil may be used even in severe MG but with resuscitation equipment as well as specific antidotes available.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8756161&dopt=Abstract
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