Drugs online research references
Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1993 Jan;104(1):141-8.
Differential properties of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and diacylglyceride lipase activities in retinal subcellular fractions and rod outer segments.
Pasquare SJ, Giusto NM.
Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia Blanca, Argentina.
1. The effect of magnesium and dl-propranolol on phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAPase) and diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) activities in isolated rod outer segments (ROS) and of the former on subcellular fractions from bovine retina was investigated. 2. Mg(2+)-independent PAPase activity was found in ROS, whereas in the other subcellular fractions PAPase activities both dependent on and independent of Mg2+ were detected. 3. The membrane-bound PAPase activity was stimulated at low concentrations of Mg2+ and inhibited at higher concentrations. The soluble activity was always stimulated by the ion. 4. dl-Propranolol (1000 microM) exerted a slight stimulatory effect on PAPase in ROS whereas total PAPase activity of microsomal fraction was not affected. 5. Mg2+ (0.2 mM) stimulated DGL activity (30%) whereas it was inhibited at higher concentration. 6. DGL lipase activities, both dependent on and independent of Mg2+, were detected in subcellular fractions of bovine retina. 7. DGL properties in ROS are also described.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8448987&dopt=Abstract
Swed Dent J Suppl. 1996;116:1-70.
Xerostomia: prevalence and pharmacotherapy. With special reference to beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.
Nederfors T.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Odontology Goteborg University.
The main objective of this thesis was to estimate the prevalence of subjectively perceived dry mouth, xerostomia, in a representative general adult population, and the possible co-morbidity between xerostomia and on-going pharmacotherapy. Further, to evaluate the effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on saliva flow rate and composition. The prevalence of xerostomia was evaluated by means of a questionnaire mailed to a random sample of 4.200 adult subjects living in the southern part of the province of Halland, Sweden. Three hundred men and equally many women aged 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 years were selected from the national census register. From 3311 (81%) evaluable questionnaires was concluded that, in the studied population, 21.3% of the men and 27.3% of the women reported xerostomia. The difference between the sexes was statistically significant, women reporting higher prevalence of dry mouth than men. It was also found that xerostomia was significantly age-related. Further, it was demonstrated that there was a strong co-morbidity between reported prevalence of dry mouth and on-going pharmacotherapy. Generally, no specific drug or drug-group proved to be especially xerogenic, rather, polypharmacy was strongly correlated to reported symptoms of dry mouth, and it was also a significant correlation between increasing xerostomia and the number of medications taken. The effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on saliva flow rate and composition were evaluated both in healthy volunteers and in hypertensive patients. The effects of one week of treatment with the non-selective (propranolol) and the beta 1-selective (atenolol) adrenoceptor antagonists were compared with that of placebo in three different clinical trials, including 38, 11 and 19 healthy volunteers, respectively. Two of these studies were focused on the effects on whole saliva secretion rate and composition and the third study on the secretions from the parotid and the submandibular-sublingual glands. Salivary composition but not saliva flow rates were affected by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and the most pronounced effects were observed for total protein composition and amylase activity, both being significantly decreased during treatment with any of the antagonists, however, more accentuated during treatment with atenolol. Twelve hypertensive patients who were well-controlled in their blood-pressure by means of monotherapy with metoprolol, a beta 1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist, were observed during four weeks of withdrawal and after re-exposure to this antihypertensive treatment. The observed effects on salivary composition were essentially the same as those found in healthy volunteers. In the hypertensive group, however, whole saliva flow rates increased significantly on drug withdrawal and decreased again on re-exposure to metoprolol.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8813731&dopt=Abstract
J Physiol. 1996 Oct 1;496 ( Pt 1):49-57.
The mechanisms controlling physiologically stimulated changes in rat brain glucose and lactate: a microdialysis study.
Fray AE, Forsyth RJ, Boutelle MG, Fillenz M.
MRC Neurochemical Pathology Unit, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
1. This study is concerned with the supply of metabolic substrates for neuronal metabolism. Experiments were carried out to investigate whether mechanisms demonstrated in cultured astrocytes also occurred in vivo; these were cAMP-mediated breakdown of glycogen and glutamate uptake-stimulated release of lactate. 2. In vivo microdialysis was used in freely moving rats. Lactate and glucose in the dialysate were assayed using enzyme-based on-line assays. Drugs were given locally through the dialysis probe. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured using the hydrogen clearance method. 3. There was an increase in dialysate glucose in response to the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline and to 8-bromo-cAMP, an analogue of cAMP, the second messenger of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. The effect of isoprenaline was blocked by the antagonist propranolol. Isoprenaline had no effect on dialysate lactate, which was increased by the glutamate uptake blocker beta-D,L-threohydroxyaspartate (THA). 4. Physiological stimulation of neuronal activity produced an increase in both lactate and glucose. The increase in lactate was depressed in the presence of THA but was unaffected by propranolol. The increase in glucose was blocked by propranolol. Regional cerebral blood flow was increased by physiological stimulation but was unaffected by propranolol. 5. These results demonstrate that physiologically stimulated increases in glucose and lactate in the brain are mediated by different mechanisms.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8910195&dopt=Abstract
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