Drugs online research references
Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol. 1976 Sep;9(4):183-6.
[Microbiological assay of some phenothiazine derivatives using different strains of Bacillus subtilis]
[Article in Portuguese]
Fortes ZB, De Carvalho MH.
This paper deals with the microbiological assay of chloropromazine, levomepromazine and promethazine, whose bacteriostatic power was measured in the diffusion test against four different strains of Bacillus subtilis. The four strains proved to be equally sensitive to solutions of phenothiazine derivatives containing more than 0.5 mg/ml. There was no difference between the four strains as referred to the median percentual error in the chlorpromazine determination. The median percentual error has been very high (around 20%) in the levomepromazine determination using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9945. When promethazine was used against the four strains of Bacillus subtilis a very high percentual error (around 20%) has been obtained, therefore, they are not recommended for the promethazine determination.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=824694&dopt=Abstract
Vet Res Commun. 1990;14(4):309-27.
Haemodynamic changes during sedation in ponies.
Gasthuys F, De Moor A, Parmentier D.
Large Animal Surgical Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Gent, Belgium.
The cardiovascular changes induced by several sedatives were investigated in five ponies with a subcutaneously transposed carotid artery by means of cardiac output determinations (thermodilution technique), systemic and pulmonary artery pressure measurements (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume). The cardiovascular depression (decrease in systemic blood pressure and cardiac output) was long lasting (greater than 90 min) after administration of propionylpromazine (0.08 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) together with promethazine (0.08 mg/kg i.v.). The phenothiazine-induced sedation was not optimal. alpha 2-Agonists (xylazine (0.60 mg/kg i.v.) and detomidine (20 micrograms/kg i.v.)) induced initial but transient cardiovascular effects with an increase in systemic blood pressure and a decrease in cardiac output for about 15 min. Second degree atrioventricular blocks and bradycardia were seen during this period. The cardiovascular depression was more pronounced during detomidine sedation. Atropine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) induced a tachycardia with a decrease in stroke volume but did not alter the cardiac output or other cardiovascular parameters. It prevented the occurrence of the bradycardia and heart blocks normally induced by xylazine or detomidine. Atropine potentiated the initial hypertension induced by the alpha 2-agonistic sedatives (especially detomidine). The decrease in cardiac output induced by xylazine, and to a lesser extent by detomidine, was partially counteracted when atropine was given in advance. The atropine-xylazine combination seemed the best premedication protocol before general anaesthesia as it only resulted in minor and transient cardiovascular changes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2392824&dopt=Abstract
Hum Exp Toxicol. 1993 Mar;12(2):123-5.
Poisoning due to insect and scorpion stings/bites.
Nhachi CF, Kasilo OM.
DaTIS, Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Harare, Zimbabwe.
1. A retrospective study, 1980 to 1989 inclusive, of hospital admission cases due to insect and scorpion stings or bites was carried out in the six main central hospitals of Zimbabwe's four main cities. 2. A total of 92 cases were recorded and analysed. This constituted 1.5% of all hospital admissions for poisoning which were analysed during that time. 3. Of the 92 cases the highest number of victims were seen in the 2-to-5-year age group (29.3%), followed by the 6-to-10-year age group (23.9%). In other age groups the incidence of poisoning was distributed approximately evenly with the 41 to 50 and the over 60-year age groups having the least number of victims, (2.2%). 4. The main groups of insects associated with poisoning were bees, 44.6%; wasps, 8.7%; and spiders 8.7%. A further 32.6% of the insect stings were not specified. Scorpion stings accounted for 5.4% of incidences. 5. No fatalities occurred. 6. Treatment consisted mainly of the administration of promethazine, as an antihistamine in 35% of the cases, steroids (16.5% of the cases), perhaps for their anti-allergic effects, and paracetamol, a mild analgesic, (14.7% of the cases). Interestingly, 22.6% of the cases were given an antibiotic (14.1% of which were penicillins). Adrenaline was administered in only 1.7% of the cases. 7. The majority of the recorded cases, 49.4%, were hospitalized for at least a day and the average duration of hospitalization was 6.4 days.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8096709&dopt=Abstract
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