Drugs online research references
Neuropharmacology. 1988 Sep;27(9):943-7.
Enhanced functional responsiveness of the dopaminergic system--the mechanism of anti-immobility effects of antidepressants in the behavioural despair test in the rat.
Delini-Stula A, Radeke E, van Riezen H.
Biology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Division Ciba-Geigy Ltd, Basle, Switzerland.
Imipramine, desipramine, maprotiline and atypical antidepressants such as mianserin, trimipramine and levoprotiline were tested in the behavioural despair test in rats. After chronic treatment (twice daily for 7 days), all the drugs, including trimipramine and levoprotiline, significantly reduced the immobility of rats subjected to forced swimming. Of particular interest are the findings with levoprotiline, which in contrast to other antidepressant drugs did not exert any direct or indirect influence on the metabolism of catecholamines and does not seem to interact with the known receptor systems, except the H1 receptors. However, antihistaminics, such as mepyramine and promethazine (5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) reduced immobility after single doses but were, in contrast to levoprotiline, inactive after chronic treatment. The anti-immobility effect of levoprotiline, as reported for other antidepressants, appears to be related to enhanced dopaminergic function, since it was antagonised by haloperidol and sulpiride, but not by prazosin. The findings of this study therefore support the assumption that dopaminergic activation is critically involved in the anti-immobility effects of antidepressants. Further, the findings support the predictive value of the test since antidepressant properties of levoprotiline have been observed clinically.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3185868&dopt=Abstract
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1984 Sep;18(1-2):25-8.
Maternal blood pressure response to the intravenous administration of pethidine-promethazine during labor.
Ron M, Menashe M, Hochner-Celnikier D, Palti Z.
A double blind study on the effect of an intravenous injection of a combination of 75 mg pethidine and 25 mg promethazine was conducted on 200 women during normal deliveries. Four groups of 50 women each received injections of pethidine and promethazine, promethazine alone, pethidine alone and normal saline. In the pethidine-promethazine group there was a significant elevation in blood pressure in the first 10 min following the injection as compared with the other groups. The mean (+/- S.D.) systolic blood pressure after the injection was 143.2 +/- 14.3 mmHg as compared with 118.9 +/- 8.4 mmHg before the injection, and the mean diastolic blood pressure as 96.9 +/- 8.4 mmHg after the injection as compared with 77.7 +/- 9.3 mmHg before the injection. 25 mg promethazine alone caused slight elevation in blood pressure which was further increased by combination with pethidine. The clinical significance of these observations is discussed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6500147&dopt=Abstract
Jpn J Pharmacol. 1987 Mar;43(3):277-82.
Antimuscarinic effects of antihistamines: quantitative evaluation by receptor-binding assay.
Kubo N, Shirakawa O, Kuno T, Tanaka C.
Quantitative evaluation of antimuscarinic effects of antihistamines (H1- and H2-receptor antagonists) was carried out using a receptor-binding assay. The -inhibition constants (Ki values) of twenty seven H1-receptor antagonists, one related antidepressant and three H2-receptor antagonists at H1-receptors and muscarinic receptors in the bovine cerebral cortex were determined. All the H2-receptor antagonists examined showed very low affinity for the muscarinic receptors. On the other hand, some H1-receptor antagonists (mequitazine, cyproheptazine, clemastine, diphenylpyraline, promethazine, homochlorcyclizine and alimemazine) had high affinity for the muscarinic receptors (Ki = 5.0-38 nM). Another group of H1-receptor antagonists (mepyramine, terfenadine, metapyrilen, azelastine, hydroxyzine and meclizine) had low affinity for the muscarinic receptors (Ki = 3,600-30,000 nM). Thus, a broad range of antimuscarinic potencies among the antihistamines was demonstrated. These results should provide helpful information with regard to the clinical and experimental use of antihistamines.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2884340&dopt=Abstract
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