Drugs online research references
Ann Emerg Med. 1989 May;18(5):528-33.
Intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine: analysis of use and complications in 487 pediatric emergency department patients.
Terndrup TE, Cantor RM, Madden CM.
Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, New York 13210.
Despite widespread use of a parenterally administered mixture of meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine (Demerol, Phenergan, and Thorazine, DPT), there has been no systematic evaluation of its efficacy and complications in emergency department patients. We reviewed the medical records of all patients less than 16 years old who received DPT in our ED during the 24-month period ending December 31, 1987. Of 487 patients who received DPT, the maximum dose was 50/25/25 mg, respectively. Wound repair (69%) and fracture reduction (12%) were the two most common indications. Lacerations most commonly involved the face (65%) or digits (20%). Efficacy was not directly reported, but only eight patients received repeat sedation. Head injuries and a lower mean initial meperidine dosage were more prevalent in patients requiring repeat sedation (P less than .05). Three patients (0.6%) experienced significant complications. All had respiratory depression and received IV naloxone. An abnormal initial mental status examination or an underlying neurologic abnormality was significantly associated with complications (P less than .05). DPT appears to be a safe and relatively effective sedative for selected pediatric ED patients when administered as a ratio of 2:1:1 mg/kg, respectively. Complications are increased in patients with acute or underlying neurologic abnormalities.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2719364&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1985 Jan;22(1):15-7.
Sedation and the stimulus properties of antihistamines.
Winter JC.
A group of six rats was trained to discriminate the effects of diphenhydramine (10 mg/kg; 30 min pretreatment time) and saline in a two-lever choice task using a fixed ratio schedule of water reinforcement. Stimulus control was assumed to be present when 80% or more of the first ten responses were appropriate for the treatment condition on each of five consecutive days. Diphenhydramine established stimulus control in each of the subjects. The mean number of sessions prior to the onset of criterion performance was 26 (standard error = 7). A second group of six rats was similarly trained with chlorpheniramine (10 mg/kg; 30 min pretreatment time) and saline. Four of the group reached criterion performance in a mean of 56 sessions (SE = 7). The diphenhydramine stimulus generalized completely to promethazine, azatidine, and chlorpheniramine. In rats trained with chlorpheniramine, only promethazine and azatidine substituted completely while diphenhydramine yielded intermediate results, i.e., significantly different from both training conditions. It is concluded that the relative propensity of antihistamines to induce sedation in humans is not correlated with distinctive stimulus properties in the rat.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2858107&dopt=Abstract
Am J Physiol. 1988 Apr;254(4 Pt 1):G543-51.
Ca2+ - and cAMP-induced protein phosphorylation in lacrimal gland basolateral membranes.
Dartt DA, Mircheff AK, Donowitz M, Sharp GW.
Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
Basolateral plasma membranes play an integral role in coupling of stimulus to secretion of fluid and protein from the lacrimal gland. To determine if basolateral plasma membranes contain Ca2+- or adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinases, which could phosphorylate specific proteins important for secretion, a purified preparation of basolateral plasma membranes was prepared from rat exorbital lacrimal glands by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Phosphorylation of basolateral plasma membrane proteins was studied in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration in the presence of calmodulin stimulated phosphorylation of a 52,000-Mr peptide with a maximal increase in phosphorylation obtained at 3 and 66 microM free Ca2+. The phenothiazines trifluoperazine and promethazine inhibited phosphorylation of this 52,000-Mr peptide; 50% inhibition was obtained at 15 and 95 microM, respectively. Increasing the cAMP level from 0 to 10 microM stimulated phosphorylation of another peptide of 91,000 Mr. This effect could be reproduced by guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate, but only at 100 microM. The cAMP concentration causing 50% of maximal phosphorylation was 0.3 microM. We conclude that lacrimal gland basolateral plasma membranes contain Ca2+/calmodulin- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases and protein substrates.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2833116&dopt=Abstract
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