Drugs online research references
Indian J Med Res. 1989 Jul;89:233-7.
Drug interaction of promethazine & other non-conventional antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents.
Chakrabarty AN, Acharya DP, Neogi D, Dastidar SG.
The antihistamine compound promethazine (Pz) showed significant antibacterial action when tested against 124 strains of aerobic and 13 strains of anaerobic bacteria belonging to both Gram positive and Gram negative genera. The range of MIC (micrograms/ml) of Pz varied between 50 and 200 micrograms/ml among most of the test organisms. Six Pz-sensitive strains were found to be simultaneously sensitive to similar non-conventional antimicrobics, e.g., methdilazine, bromodiphenhydramine, diphenhydramine, methyl-DOPA, promazine and the antibiotic augmentin. A high degree of synergism was observed in vitro when Pz was used in combination with methdilazine and bromodiphenhydramine.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2807428&dopt=Abstract
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983 Mar;15(3):287-93.
Pharmacokinetics of promethazine and its sulphoxide metabolite after intravenous and oral administration to man.
Taylor G, Houston JB, Shaffer J, Mawer G.
Blood concentrations of promethazine and promethazine sulphoxide have been measured following oral and intravenous administration of promethazine to seven healthy male volunteers. Promethazine disposition is characterised by a large volume of distribution (1970 1) and a high blood clearance (1.141 min-1). Less than 1% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine, therefore total body clearance is essentially metabolic clearance. In accord with this high clearance the oral availability of promethazine is only 25%. The absorption of promethazine from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds 80% in most subjects. Minimal metabolism by the gastrointestinal mucosa is implicated. Promethazine sulphoxide pharmacokinetics are consistent with a pronounced first pass effect. Although the area under the curve for this metabolite is not route dependent, there is a marked alteration in the shape of the metabolite curve when oral and intravenous data are compared. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that S-oxidation of promethazine is predominantly an hepatic event. The conclusions of previous investigators with regard to the role of the gut mucosa in S-oxidation of phenothiazines is critically assessed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6849764&dopt=Abstract
Acta Microbiol Hung. 1993;40(2):91-9.
Multiple effects of promethazine in Staphylococcus aureus.
Molnar J, Batho N, Kristiansen JE, Ren JK, Ocsovszky I.
Institute of Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi University Medical School, Szeged, Hungary.
The antibiotic resistance of 6 Staphylococcus aureus strains was eliminated with a frequency from 1.2 to 10% in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of promethazine. The pigment production of the cells was also eliminated by the promethazine to an extent of 0 to 5%. The cell size was increased and the protein A production was markedly decreased in S. aureus cells cultured in the presence of promethazine. Complex formation between protein A and promethazine was detected by differential spectrophotometry. The biological activity of staphylococcus protein A was abolished by promethazine in the passive haemagglutination of rabbit antiserum treated sheep red blood cells. Evidence has been found that plasmid-encoded functions of S. aureus cells can be altered in the presence of promethazine, and the chromosomally controlled synthesis of protein A, one of the weakest virulence factor of S. aureus is also lowered by promethazine.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8184673&dopt=Abstract
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