Drugs online research references
Acad Radiol. 1995 Apr;2(4):306-12.
Effects of iodinated contrast media on pulmonary airway resistance in anesthetized guinea pigs.
Cipolla P, Castano M, Kirchin MA, de Haen C, Tirone P.
Milano Research Centre, Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Bronchospasm is occasionally observed following iodinated X-ray contrast medium administration. We performed an in vivo study in guinea pigs to investigate the effects of a number of iodinated contrast media on pulmonary airway resistance and the mechanisms underlying the potential bronchoconstrictor effect. METHODS: The contrast media studied were the pharmaceutical formulations of iomeprol (400 mg I/ml), iopamidol (370 mg I/ml), and iohexol (350 mg I/ml), which are nonionic, triiodinated contrast media; diatrizoate (370 mg I/ml), an ionic, triiodinated contrast medium; iotrolan (300 mg I/ml), a nonionic, hexaiodinated contrast medium; and iocarmate (280 mg I/ml) and ioxaglate (320 mg I/ml), which are both hexaiodinated and ionic contrast media. Each contrast medium was administered intravenously at 2 g I/kg. Changes in pulmonary airway resistance were evaluated by measuring intratracheal pressure at the moment of maximum insufflation, or maximal insufflation pressure (MIP), in anesthetized guinea pigs submitted to forced ventilation. RESULTS: All contrast media except ioxaglate caused mean increases of MIP of no more than 20%. By contrast, ioxaglate caused a marked bronchoconstrictor effect, increasing MIP by 242% +/- 46%. Of the drugs tested for antagonistic action on this increase in MIP, salbutamol inhibited almost completely the increase in MIP for the first 40 min posttreatment. Similarly, lysine acetylsalicylate and indomethacin consistently reduced MIP after contrast media administration to levels only 30% and 14% above those of baseline precontrast media, respectively. Promethazine had only a minor inhibitory effect, and the response to prednisolone varied. CONCLUSION: There was no apparent relationship between the size of the increase in airway resistance and the charge or molecular weight of the contrast agent molecule or the pharmaceutical formulation. The increase induced by ioxaglate must be attributed to inherent molecular toxicity mediated through a direct action on the production of bradykinin and/or the prostanoid products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, rather than through a direct action on the release of histamine.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9419567&dopt=Abstract
Medicina (B Aires). 1997;57(1):59-63.
Trypanocidal effects of promethazine.
Fernandez AR, Fretes R, Rubiales S, Lacuara JL, Paglini-Oliva P.
Catedra de Fisica Biomedica, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina.
Promethazine is currently used for its antipsychotic and ansiolytic effects. It is a phenothiazine with anticalmodulin action, not toxic for human beings at therapeutic doses. The present results show that promethazine has trypanocidal effect on both epimastigote and trypomastigote stages of T. cruzi; two hundred microM inhibited epimastigote growth in culture medium and 2 microM immobilized and killed bloodstream trypomastigotes. When promethazine (55 mg/Kg/day) was used as treatment of T. cruzi infected mice, it proved effective in reducing parasitemia and it increased the survival of treated animals. Ultrastructural studies suggest that the lethal effect of this phenothiazine is related to a detergent effect that disrupts T. cruzi cell membrane.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9435371&dopt=Abstract
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1976;55(2):105-11.
A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. II. Anti-emetic drugs.
Kullander S, Kallen B.
In a prospective study of anti-emetic drug use during 6 376 pregnancies, the previously demonstrated negative correlation between the use of such drugs and miscarriage was confirmed. It is probably completely due to less frequent and possibly less severe morning sickness complaints in pregnancies ending with a miscarriage. A slight positive correlation is found between the use of anti-emetics and infant malformation. A detailed analysis showed that this was mainly due to a high incidence of drug use (mainly promethazine) among women giving birth to infants with congenital dislocation of the hip. The probable indirect relationship is discussed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=943896&dopt=Abstract
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