Drugs online research references
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;29(10):612-5.
A sex difference in the interaction between promethazine and morphine in the mouse.
Shater HA, Pleuvry BJ.
The effects of promethazine on the antinociceptive and respiratory actions of morphine have been examined in the mouse. Moderate doses of promethazine (5 and 10 mg kg-1) potentiated morphine's action in male mice but inhibited it in female mice. Gonadectomy abolished the interaction between promethazine and morphine in both sexes, although the intensity and duration of morphine's activity was greatly enhanced in these mice. Replacement of oestradiol in ovariectomized mice restored morphine's activity to intact female control values. However, interactions between promethazine and morphine required progesterone, as well as oestradiol, replacement to obtain results approaching those obtained in intact female mice.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=21241&dopt=Abstract
Anaesthesia. 1976 Jun;31(5):698-701.
Effect of ketamine on intracranial pressure in hydrocephalic children.
Kaul HL, Jayalaxmi T, Gode GR, Mitra DK.
Intracranial pressure changes were observed in 10 children with hydrocephalus after ketamine administration. Three patients showed an elevation of pressure and a fall was observed in 7 patients. Two more patients who were given ketamine while under general anaesthesia and IPPV also showed a fall in pressure. No explanation is forthcoming at present for such an unusual response, but an altered cerebral vascular response in the presence of promethazine and general anaesthesia has been postulated.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=779521&dopt=Abstract
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1993 Mar;64(3 Pt 1):230-3.
Treatment efficacy of intramuscular promethazine for space motion sickness.
Davis JR, Jennings RT, Beck BG, Bagian JP.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058.
Intramuscular promethazine and its efficacy in the treatment of Space Motion Sickness (SMS) were evaluated using standardized questions administered during postflight debriefings to crewmembers immediately after their first Shuttle flight. Space Motion Sickness was graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe, based on published criteria. Immediate symptom relief (within 1-2 h) was evaluated by subjective reports; medication efficacy was based on scores derived from the four most frequently reported symptoms of SMS: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and stomach awareness. Scores were given for each symptom, mild = 1, moderate = 2, and severe = 3, and added for a total score for each flight day. Following intramuscular (IM) promethazine on flight day 1, the scores were used to determine if the crewmembers were "sick" or "not sick" on flight day 2. On the basis of the scoring criteria, any subject with a score adding to greater than three, with any severe symptom, or with vomiting was defined as "sick." The comparison showed that 25% of crewmembers treated with IM promethazine were "sick" on flight day 2, compared to 50% of crewmembers who did not receive promethazine (p = 0.046). Of crewmembers treated with IM promethazine, 90% reported immediate symptom relief as well. Untreated crewmembers typically have slow symptom resolution over 72-96 h, and those treated with oral scopolamine/dextroamphetamine show delayed symptom development. This study suggests that intramuscular promethazine is an effective treatment for SMS and merits continued use and further controlled investigations.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8447805&dopt=Abstract
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