Drugs online research references
J Appl Toxicol. 1995 Mar-Apr;15(2):133-8.
Reduction of erythema in hairless guinea pigs after cutaneous sulfur mustard vapor exposure by pretreatment with niacinamide, promethazine and indomethacin.
Yourick JJ, Dawson JS, Mitcheltree LW.
Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA.
Erythema is the initial symptom that occurs after sulfur mustard (HD) cutaneous exposure. The time course of HD-induced erythema is similar to that observed after UV irradiation, which can be reduced by indomethacin. Sulfur mustard lethality is decreased by using promethazine, which is an antihistamine. Niacinamide can reduce microvesication after HD vapor exposure in hairless guinea pig (HGP) skin. The present study examines the effect of the combined administration of niacinamide, indomethacin and promethazine used alone or in all possible combinations on the degree of erythema and histopathologic skin damage after HD exposure in HGP. Niacinamide (750 mg kg-1, i.p.), promethazine (12.5 mg kg-1, i.m.) or indomethacin (4 mg kg-1, p.o.) used singly or in combination was given as a 30-min pretreatment before an 8-min HD vapor cup skin exposure. Using a combination pretreatment of niacinamide, promethazine and indomethacin, erythema was reduced at 4 (91%) and 6 (55%) h, but not 24 h after HD. The incidence of histopathological skin changes (microvesicles, follicular involvement, epidermal necrosis, intracellular edema and pustular epidermatitis) 24 h after HD was not reduced. This study indicates that HD-induced erythema may result from several different mechanisms, including inflammation, histamine release and DNA damage. It is suggested that two phases of inflammation may occur: an early phase sensitive to antihistamines and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and a late phase of extensive cell damage that was not sensitive to these drug pretreatments.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7782559&dopt=Abstract
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 May 24;1236(1):81-8.
The effect of protoporphyrin on the susceptibility of human erythrocytes to oxidative stress: exposure to hydrogen peroxide.
Williams M, Lagerberg JW, Van Steveninck J, Van der Zee J.
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sylvius, Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Binding of protoporphyrin caused a perturbation of the erythrocyte membrane, as reflected by a change in cell shape from discoid to echinocyte, and a concomitant increase in mean cellular volume and K(+)-loss. Protoporphyrin-induced changes could be prevented by the presence of BaCl2, whereas binding of protoporphyrin was not affected. Exposure of erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide leads to K(+)-leakage and lipid peroxidation. In de presence of protoporphyrin, H2O2-induced K(+)-leakage was enhanced, whereas lipid peroxidation was inhibited. The increase in H2O2-induced K(+)-leakage by protoporphyrin was not affected by diamide or various K+ channel blockers, but could be prevented by the addition of BaCl2. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation, on the other hand, was not affected by BaCl2. These results indicate that the enhancement of H2O2-induced K(+)-leakage was most likely caused by the change in cell shape. Addition of chlorpromazine and promethazine, positively charged molecules that induce stomatocytosis, did not cause an enhancement of H2O2-induced K(+)-leakage.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7794958&dopt=Abstract
J Pain Symptom Manage. 1994 Oct;9(7):454-61.
A retrospective study of risk factors of akathisia in terminally ill patients.
Gattera JA, Charles BG, Williams GM, Cavenagh JD, Smithurst BA, Luchjenbroers J.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Australia.
Akathisia is a distressing disorder that manifests as a state of restlessness and motor agitation. We aim to highlight the problem of akathisia to the palliative care physician by identifying and quantifying risk factors in the terminally ill. A retrospective case-control study was utilized to investigate risk factors for akathisia. Medical records of cases (N = 100) and controls (N = 365) archived in a computerized database were downloaded and risk factors determined using conditional logistic regression analyses. Exposure to pharmacologically similar drugs, such as haloperidol [odds ratio (OR), 18.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 8.2-41.4], prochlorperazine (OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 3.0-21.8), and promethazine (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.3-8.0), conferred an increased risk. Other significant variables were exposure to morphine (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.9-14.2), sodium valproate (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0-6.4), and sodium bicarbonate/tartrate (Ural) (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.2-15.3). Highlighting factors that predispose patients to akathisia emphasizes that this syndrome should not be forgotten when treating the terminally ill. It is recommended that those drugs identified should be judicially used and carefully monitored.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7822885&dopt=Abstract
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