Drugs online research references
Anaesthesiol Reanim. 1995;20(4):88-96.
[Plasma catecholamine level and clinical parameters--quality criteria for premedication in childhood]
[Article in German]
Burkhardt U, Vetter B, Wild L, Olthoff D.
Stress hormones noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured in plasma before and after premedication to objectivate the anxiolytic potency of different premedication methods in children. In addition indirect signs of sympathoadrenergic activity (heart rate and blood pressure) as well as children's behavior and reaction to face mask were documented. Each group consisted of 16 children (aged 3 to 15 years). One group was prepared only psychologically, the second group received 0.1 mg/kg midazolam intravenously and the third group was given 1 mg/kg promethazine orally. Blood pressure and heart rate decreased after premedication, mainly in the midazolam group. After mask exposition in all groups noradrenaline and adrenaline levels increased with the exception of adrenaline in the midazolam-group, where the levels remained low. Mask acceptance and anxiolysis were better in the midazolam-group than in other groups. Reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, catecholamines in plasma, anxiolysis and a high mask acceptance indicate that intravenous administration of midazolam is very effective in premedicating children.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7575957&dopt=Abstract
Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1995 Mar;16(2):125-9.
Features of memory on novel situation and avoidance response: evidence from comparisons between open-field behavior and step-through task.
Pan SY.
Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Materia Medica.
AIM: To study the features of memory on novel situation and avoidance response in mice. METHODS: Open-field activity and step-through latency were used to determine the memory of mice on a new environment and avoidance, respectively. RESULTS: The open-field memory was only observed 24 and 48 h after acquisition session. The avoidance memory still existed 72 and 96 h after training session. On d 1 mice were allowed to remain on open-field and step-through for 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 min. On d 2 the retention latencies in 0.5- and 1-min groups were shorter than those in 3- and 5-min groups, while the recall activities in open-field were indifferent between these groups. Scopolamine (1 mg.kg-1) and caffeine (200 mg.kg-1) injected ip 15 min before the first session inhibited the avoidance response and the adaptation to open-field environment in mice. Chlorpromazine, promethazine, picrotoxin and pentobarbital impaired the avoidance memory, but not impaired the open-field memory. CONCLUSION: These results supported the hypothesis that the adaptation of mice on open-field was a short or medium term memory.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7597911&dopt=Abstract
Acad Emerg Med. 1994 Jul-Aug;1(4):368-72.
Pediatric pain control and conscious sedation: a survey of emergency medicine residencies.
Ilkhanipour K, Juels CR, Langdorf MI.
Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine Medical Center, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the availability and relative use of pediatric analgesia and sedation at sites of U.S. emergency medicine residency training programs. METHODS: A mail/telephone survey of residency directors at 80 U.S. emergency medicine residencies regarding resident experience with pediatric analgesia and sedation for painful procedures conducted during November 1991. RESULTS: Sixty of 80 surveys (75%) were completed and available for analysis. Emergency medicine faculty supervised conscious sedation and analgesia in 87% of responding programs, while pediatrics faculty and pediatrics-emergency medicine fellows supervised in the remainder. Ninety-three percent of the programs had sedating agents available in the emergency department; only four programs needed to have drugs brought from the pharmacy. Thirty-four programs (57%) had formal protocols for the administration of these drugs. Seventy-seven percent of the programs had airway resuscitation equipment at the bedside, while only 63% brought resuscitation drugs. However, 60% of the programs reported complications of sedation, including respiratory depression, prolonged sedation, agitation, and vomiting. The most commonly used agents were midazolam (82%), meperidine alone (68%) and with promethazine and chlorpromazine (67%), and chloral hydrate (67%). Only 25% of the programs used nitrous oxide, and 30% used ketamine. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency medicine residencies generally have available agents for pain control and conscious sedation in children, although the agents used vary widely. Appropriate instruction by trained faculty should enhance resident experience with pediatric pain control and sedation.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7614284&dopt=Abstract
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