Drugs online research references
Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1983;233(1):59-70.
Clinical investigations into antidepressive mechanisms. I. Antihistaminic and cholinolytic effects: amitriptyline versus promethazine.
Beckmann H, Schmauss M.
It is assumed that established antidepressants exert their clinical efficacy by potentiation or decrease of central noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. However, recent experimental work suggests that antihistaminic and/or cholinolytic effects may also be involved. This double-blind controlled study compared amitriptyline (catecholamine potentiating, antihistaminic, cholinolytic) with promethazine (antihistaminic, cholinolytic) in 50 severely depressed inpatients over a 30-day treatment period. Analysis of the Hamilton depression rating scale revealed significant clinical superiority of amitriptyline over promethazine in such major depressive symptoms as depressed mood, suicidal ideation, psychic anxiety, and sleep disturbances. No significant difference was evident as far as autonomous side effects were concerned. Similar results were found by analysis of the AMP rating system. It is concluded that antihistaminic or cholinolytic effects per se do not explain the antidepressants' efficacy. However, potentiation of noradrenergic neurotransmission by cholinolytic activity might be the major antidepressive mechanism.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6860124&dopt=Abstract
Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1982;29(1):17-25.
Drug-receptor interaction on plasmid elimination by phenothiazines and imipramine in Escherichia coli.
Molnar J, Mandi Y, Foldeak S.
Plasmid elimination in Escherichia coli by a quaternary amine of chlorpromazine was demonstrated on different incompatibility groups of plasmid. The biological effect of the drug depends partly on the host bacteria and partly on the plasmid itself. Various receptor substrates such as adenosine, dopamine, histamine and norepinephrine do not alter the plasmid elimination by promethazine and imipramine. None of the known drug-receptors studied are involved in drug binding of the bacteria. The direct membrane action of imipramine and promethazine was demonstrated in electron microscopic studies and alterations in the bacterial membrane such as discontinuities, phase separation or rarely extensive lytic alterations were observed. Magnesium ions prevent the ultrastructural membrane alterations caused by imipramine and promethazine. There is some evidence that the drugs bind to two different receptor sites simultaneously on the plasmid replication site. The first and strongest binding has to be ionic through the side chain amino group, displacing the bivalent cations. In turn, the two aromatic rings of the fixed (ionically bound) drug molecules bind weakly through pi-electrons, hydrophobically or by a charge transfer complex. This weaker binding together with the ionic one are essential for biologic action and lead to the inhibition of plasmid replication. A schematic model of the effect of tricyclic psychotropic drugs on the bacterial membrane is proposed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7046353&dopt=Abstract
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1982 Dec;53(12):1182-9.
A comparison of some effects of three antimotion sickness drugs on nystagmic responses to angular accelerations and to optokinetic stimuli.
Collins WE, Schroeder DJ, Elam GW.
While the basic efficacy of antimotion sickness drugs is rooted in the reduction of motion sickness symptoms, adverse side effects are important practical considerations of their usage in aviation. This study examined the influence of three established antimotion sickness drugs on nystagmic eye movement responses to angular acceleration (whole-body movement) with vision either permitted or denied, and to optokinetic stimulation (visual field movement). Dimenhydrinate and promethazine hydrochloride, particularly at higher dose levels, reduced optokinetic nystagmus, thereby making less accurate the following ability of the eye. During whole-body motion in darkness, there was little placebo-drug difference in the vestibular response under alert conditions; under relaxed conditions, dimenhydrinate and promethazine hydrochloride produced significant declines in the vestibular eye movements. These same drugs also interfered with the ability of the individual to fixate adequately on a visual task during motion. Subjects who received a combination of promethazine plus d-amphetamine were able to suppress vestibular eye movements and maintain good visual fixation under the task condition. Thus, the effect of a drug on nystagmus may be a poor indicator of its value in preventing motion sickness. Moreover, assessments of antimotion sickness drugs for many practical situations should include, as a possible adverse side effect, the inability to maintain visual fixation during motion.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7159338&dopt=Abstract
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