Drugs online research references
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Feb;29(2):225-9.
The effect of antimicrobial agents on fecal flora of children.
Sakata H, Fujita K, Yoshioka H.
Influences of antibiotics on the fecal flora in children were studied for oral ampicillin, penicillin V, erythromycin, cefaclor, and gentamicin and for intravenous ampicillin, methicillin, cefpiramide, and ceftazidime. All antibiotics affected the normal flora, although the quality and quantity of the changes were variable. No substantial differences were noted between the oral and intravenous use of ampicillin with regard to its effect on the flora. Three penicillins, ampicillin, penicillin V, and methicillin, caused remarkable changes. The characteristic pattern observed was the considerable suppression of Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus species. Although enterobacteria did not significantly change in number, Klebsiella spp. frequently replaced Escherichia coli. In patients given erythromycin and cefaclor, the reduction in the number of Bifidobacterium spp. was 1 log10 and that of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae was 3 log10. Gentamicin administered orally caused a drastic change, including a remarkable decline of E. coli to less than 2 log10/g of feces. Cefpiramide, a parenteral expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, suppressed normal flora so markedly that almost all species of organisms were eradicated, and the active growth of yeasts was promoted (2.6 log10 increase). Ceftazidime caused similar changes as cefpiramide, but the changes were less extensive. Yeasts increased after treatment with most antibiotic groups. This increase was particularly prominent in patients given oral penicillins and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3087275&dopt=Abstract
J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Jun;9(2):140-9.
Effect of ingesta on systemic availability of penicillins administered orally in dogs.
Watson AD, Emslie DR, Martin IC, Egerton JR.
Six penicillin preparations were administered to six dogs of various types, both when the dogs were fasted and when fed a standard meal immediately before dosing. The preparations used were: amoxycillin tablets and drops, ampicillin tablets, penicillin V tablets, phenethicillin tablets and cloxacillin capsules. A Latin square design was employed with ampicillin and the two amoxycillin preparations, while three separate cross-over studies were done with penicillin V, phenethicillin and cloxacillin. Dose rates used were 50 mg/kg for cloxacillin, and 10 mg/kg for the others. A microbiological method was used to assay penicillin in blood samples taken at intervals after dosing. Values for peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax), the time at which it occurred (Tmax), and area under the curve (AUC) were obtained for each curve of drug concentration plotted against time. In fasted dogs, ampicillin showed poorer systemic availability than did amoxycillin, with Cmax and AUC values of less than half those of amoxycillin. The solid and liquid preparations of amoxycillin had similar bioavailability. Ingesta adversely affected the systemic availability of antibiotic from all preparations tested. With ampicillin and both amoxycillin preparations, there were reduced Cmax and AUC and prolonged Tmax, indicating slowed and diminished absorption. Feeding did not alter Tmax with the other drugs, but reduced the Cmax of penicillin V, phenethicillin and cloxacillin and the AUC of cloxacillin. It is suggested that, if minimal impairment of bioavailability by ingesta is desired, then the penicillins commonly administered by mouth (amoxycillin, ampicillin, penicillin V, phenethicillin, cloxacillin) should be given to dogs that are fasting.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3088288&dopt=Abstract
Genitourin Med. 1986 Aug;62(4):235-9.
Treating pelvic inflammatory disease with doxycycline and metronidazole or penicillin and metronidazole.
Heinonen PK, Teisala K, Punnonen R, Aine R, Lehtinen M, Miettinen A, Paavonen J.
The best way of treating pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is not known. The clinical response to two treatment regimens (penicillin plus metronidazole v doxycycline plus metronidazole) was studied in 33 patients with PID confirmed by laparoscopy and endometrial biopsy. The overall failure rate, according to the criteria used in this study was five of 11 (45%) women with chlamydial PID, none of six women with gonococcal PID, all of four women with chlamydial gonococcal PID, and three (25%) of 12 women with non-chlamydial non-gonococcal PID. The failure rate with penicillin plus metronidazole treatment was unacceptably high (53%), and significantly higher than that with doxycycline plus metronidazole (19%) (p = 0.038). In most cases the microbiological and histopathological evaluations identified a probable explanation for the poor response to the treatment regimen used.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3089909&dopt=Abstract
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